Kala/affixes: Difference between revisions

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''See also:'' [[Kala/lexicon|Kala lexicon]]
''See also:'' [[Kala/lexicon|Kala lexicon]]


These are the functional affixes used in Kala. There are notes at the bottom of the page to explain exceptions and special cases.
These are the functional affixes used in Kala.  


{{Template:Nkala2}}
= Modals =


== pa ==
* '''-pa''' marks the [[wp:Natchez_language#Preverbs|Abilitative]] ('''ABIL''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#pa|'''pala''']]
:: '''na mokuye<span style="color:red">pa</span>k''' - <small>1s sleep-PST-ABIL-NEG</small> - ''I was unable to sleep.''
:: '''nam mue pana ke mauam anya<span style="color:red">pa</span>k''' - <small>1pl without rain O flower-PL see-ABIL-NEG</small> - ''We cannot see the flowers without rain.''


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
* '''-pya''' marks the Attemptative ('''ATT''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''upya''']]
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
:: '''neko ke panya mata<span style="color:red">pya</span>''' - <small>cat O mouse kill-ATT</small> - ''The cat is trying to kill the mouse.''
|-
:: '''ima ha ina<span style="color:red">pya</span>k''' - <small>now 3s eat-ATT-NEG</small> - ''She hasn't tried to eat yet.''
| '''-pa''' || ''n'' || able to ~; can ~; ~ is possible [[wp:Natchez_language#Preverbs|ABIL]] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|pala]]''' || '''na inapa'''<br>I am able to eat.
|-
| '''-pe''' || ''n'' || part/piece of ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|peya]]''' || '''inape'''<br>morsel; crumb
|-
| '''-po''' || ''v'' || compelled to ~; forced to ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#na|nipo]]''' || '''ena inapo'''<br>I am compelled to eat.
|-
| '''-pu''' || ''n'' || attire; clothes; clothing || '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|puku]]''' || '''anapu'''<br>hat
|-
| '''-pua''' || ''v'' || finished; completed [[wp:Perfective_aspect|PFV]] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|opua]]''' || '''ha inapua'''<br>He has eaten.
|-
| '''-pya''' || ''v'' || attempt; try [ATT] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|upya]]''' || '''kam inapya'''<br>They are trying to eat.
|-
| '''-pye''' || ''n'' || too much/many; excessive(ly) || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kupye]]''' || '''ke inapye'''<br>There's too much food.
|-
| '''-pyo''' || ''n / v'' || disease; ill; sick || '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|pyoki]]''' || '''tsinipyo'''<br>diabetes
|-
| '''-mpa''' || ''n'' || many; much; a lot || '''[[Kala/lexicon#mpa|mpa]]''' || '''mitampa ina'''<br>Many dogs are eating.
|-
| '''-mpe''' || ''n / v'' || only; just; merely [LIM] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|amye]]''' || '''tlanampe kala'''<br>Only people speak.
|-
| '''-mpo''' || ''n / v'' || bad; unfavorable; poor quality || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|mala]]''' || '''inampo'''<br>bad/rotten food
|-
| '''-mpu''' || ''n'' || shaped like ~; ~ form || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|umpu]]''' || '''pyotampu'''<br>cube shaped
|}


== ta ==


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
|-
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
|-
| '''-ta''' || ''n'' || male; masculine [MASC] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tla|tlaka]]''' || '''umata'''<br>stallion
|-
| '''-tai''' || ''n'' || named; (so-)called ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|ata]]''' || '''kumatai'''<br>''a so-called bear''
|-
| '''-te''' || ''v'' || propose; request [PREC]; suggest || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ta|teya]]''' || '''inate'''<br>Please eat.
|-
| '''ti-''' || ''num'' || diverse; multi-; multiply || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ta|tiha]]''' || '''tika'o'''<br>septuplet; seven times
|-
| '''-to''' || ''n / v'' || manner; method; way || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ta|to]]''' || '''yamato'''<br>mountaineering
|}
== ka ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
|-
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
|-
| '''-kan''' || ''n / v'' || leader; chief; senior || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kana]]''' || '''mitakan'''<br>alpha-dog
|-
| '''-ke''' || ''v'' || doubt; suspect; suspicion [dubitative DUB] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|ketsa]]''' || '''ta unyake'''<br>[it is doubted that] you know
|-
| '''ki-''' || ''num'' || next; order; sequence [ordinal] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tsa|tsuki]]''' || '''kiha'o'''<br>third; 3rd
|-
| '''-ko (-tlo)''' || ''n / v'' || agentive [AG]; one who ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|ko]]''' || '''yalako'''<br>walker
|-
| '''-kua''' || ''n'' || all; entire; every; whole || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kua]]''' || '''mitakua hinatle'''<br>all dogs that are here
|-
| '''-kya''' || ''v'' || co-hortative [HORT] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kya]]''' || '''yalakya'''<br>Let's go.
|-
| '''-kyo''' || ''n / v'' || college; school; university || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ha|hakyo]]''' || '''hayakyo'''<br>veterinarian school
|-
| '''-kyo''' || ''v'' || fast; rapidly; quickly || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kyolo]]''' || '''nam inakyo'''<br>We eat quickly.
|-
| '''-nke (-k)''' || ''n / v'' || negative [NEG]; no; not || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|nke]]''' || '''hinak'''<br>not [be] here
|-
| '''-nko''' || ''v'' || continue; proceed; progressive [PROG] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|nkoso]]''' || '''ha mokunko'''<br>She is sleeping.
|-
| '''-nku''' || ''pro'' || reciprocate; [in] return; reciprocal [RECP] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|anku]]''' || '''nanku anyatli'''<br>we will see each other
|}
== ma ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
|-
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
|-
| '''-m (-lo)''' || ''n'' || general plural || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|ma]]''' || '''mitam'''<br>dogs
|-
| '''-ma''' || ''n / v'' || time for/to ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|ama]]''' || '''inama'''<br>(the) time to eat
|-
| '''-me''' || ''v'' || cancel; undo ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kume]]''' || '''iname'''<br>vomit [un-eat]
|-
| '''-mi''' || ''n'' || few; small amount [paucal PAU] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|ma + ahi]]''' || '''mitami moku'''<br>a few dogs sleep
|-
| '''-mo''' || ''n / v'' || location; place; where || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|mo]]''' || '''inamo'''<br>restaurant; diner
|-
| '''-mu''' || ''v'' || begin; initial; start [inchoative INCH] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|mula]]''' || '''ha inamu'''<br>he begins to eat
|-
| '''-mua''' || ''n / v'' || lack, be without, be in need of; insufficient || '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|pamua]]''' || '''inamua'''<br>famine ; hunger
|-
| '''-mue''' || ''n / v'' || man-made; artificial; synthetic || '''[[Kala/lexicon#u|ume]]''' || '''motsimue'''<br>plastic bag
|-
| '''-mya''' || ''v'' || cause; do; make [causative CAUS] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|muya]]''' || '''ta'ena nukumya'''<br>You cause me to hate.
|-
| '''-mye''' || ''v'' || redo; resume || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|muyaye]]''' || '''ha inamye'''<br>She is eating (it) again.
|-
| '''-myo''' || ''v'' || allow; permit [permissive PERM] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|myonta]]''' || '''eta inamyo'''<br>You are allowed to eat.
|}
== na ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
|-
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
|-
| '''-n (-no)''' || ''v'' || adverbial; object; thing-like; (-ish, -ly, -ous) || '''[[Kala/lexicon#na|no]]''' || '''mita oyan'''<br>a blackish dog
|-
| '''-na''' || ''n'' || woman; feminine [FEM] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#na|naka]]''' || '''umana'''<br>mare
|-
| '''-nai''' || ''n / v'' || type of food; food of ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|ina]]''' || '''mitanai'''<br>dog food
|-
| '''-ne''' || ''v'' || ought to; suggest [SUG] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#na|neya]]''' || '''ta inane'''<br>You should eat.
|-
| '''-ni''' || ''n / v'' || good; pleasant; regular || '''[[Kala/lexicon#na|niha]]''' || '''inani'''<br>nice food / fine cuisine
|-
| '''-nua''' || ''n / v'' || frequent; often; regular [FREQ] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#na|nua]]''' || '''kam inanua'''<br>They eat frequently.
|}
== nya ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
|-
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
|-
| '''-nyo''' || ''n / v'' || device; equipment; tool [INSTR] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|mayo]]''' || '''inanyo'''<br>eating utensil [fork; spoon]
|}
== sa ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
|-
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
|-
| '''-sa''' || ''n / v'' || room; chamber; section || '''[[Kala/lexicon#sa|sala]]''' || '''inasa'''<br>dining room
|-
| '''-si''' || ''n / v'' || color of ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#sa|sahi]]''' || '''senusi'''<br>hair color
|-
| '''-so''' || ''n'' || class; type; kind || '''[[Kala/lexicon#sa|so]]''' || '''mitaso'''<br>a dog breed
|-
| '''-su''' || ''n / v'' || market; shop; store || '''[[Kala/lexicon#sa|suku]]''' || '''inasu'''<br>grocery; food market
|-
| '''-sue''' || ''v'' || prepare; get/be ready || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ya|yaso]]''' || '''na inasue'''<br>I am ready to eat.
|}
== ha ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
|-
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
|-
| '''-ha''' || ''n / v'' || augmentative [AUG]; big; large || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ta|taha]]''' || '''mitaha ina'''<br>The big dog eats.
|-
| '''-he''' || ''n / v'' || need; necessity; require [NEC] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ha|heya]]''' || '''ta inahe'''<br>You need to eat.
|-
| '''-hi''' || ''n / v'' || diminutive [DIM]; few; small || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|ahi]]''' || '''mitahi'''<br>puppy (small dog)
|-
| '''-ho''' || ''v'' || assert; claim; state || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ta|toho]]''' || '''ta pakaho'''<br>(it is asserted that) You are dumb.
|-
| '''-hu''' || ''n / v'' || aggressive; drastic; extreme || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kyohu]]''' || '''mita oyahu'''<br>an extremely black dog
|-
| '''-hua''' || ''n / v'' || flower; plant; flora || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|maua]]''' || '''nekohua'''<br>cattail (typha)
|-
| '''-hue''' || ''n'' || locative [LOC] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ha|hue]]''' || '''ha tsakahue'''<br>She's at home.
|-
| '''-hya''' || ''n / v'' || animal; fauna || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ha|haya]]''' || '''tsakahya'''<br>pen; habitat; cage
|-
| '''-hyo''' || ''n'' || juice; extract; liquid from ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ha|hyota]]''' || '''pomahyo'''<br>apple juice
|}
== tsa ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
|-
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
|-
| '''-tsa''' || ''n / v'' || damn [general invective] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tsa|tsaya]]''' || '''mitatsa'''<br>a damned dog
|-
| '''-tse''' || ''v'' || appear; seem || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tsa|tse'e]]''' || '''ha inatse'''<br>She seems to be eating.
|-
| '''tsi-''' || ''n'' || angle; bend; corner || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|atsi]]''' || '''tsiya'o'''<br>pentagon (five angles)
|-
| '''-tso''' || ''n / v'' || center; middle; mid-; half || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tsa|tsoya]]''' || '''kunyetso'''<br>half-moon
|-
| '''-tsu''' || ''n'' || flesh; meat; pulp || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kutsu]]''' || '''manotsu'''<br>chicken meat
|-
| '''-tsua''' || ''n / v'' || almost; nearly; more-or-less || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tsa|tsua]]''' || '''ha hinatsua'''<br>She is almost here.
|-
| '''-tsue''' || ''v'' || late; delayed; slow || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tsa|tsipue]]''' || '''mita empatsue'''<br>The dog runs slowly.
|}
== tla ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
|-
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
|-
| '''-tla''' || ''n / v'' || language; dialect; speech || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kala]]''' || '''nihonotla'''<br>Japanese [language]
|-
| '''-tle (-le)''' || ''v'' || relative clause marker [REL] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|ele]]''' || '''na nahi inatle unya'''<br>I know the girl that/who is eating.
|-
| '''tli-''' || ''n'' || collective plural [COL]; group; pack || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ta|tatli]]''' || '''tlimita malo'''<br>a pack of brown dogs
|-
| '''-tli''' || ''v'' || future tense [FUT] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|atli]]''' || '''na inatli'''<br>I will eat.
|}
== ua ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
|-
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
|-
| '''ua-''' || ''n'' || that (by you) [MED] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ua|uatla]]''' || '''uamita hayo'''<br>That dog (by you) is his/hers.
|-
| '''-ua''' || ''n / v'' || science of ~; study of ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kuaha]]''' || '''hayaua'''<br>veterinarian medicine
|-
| '''-ue''' || ''n / v'' || intenion; desire; will [VOL] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ua|ueha / ueyo]]''' || '''na inaue'''<br>I want/intend to eat.
|}
== la ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
|-
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
|-
| '''-la''' || ''v'' || go; move in direction of || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ya|yala]]''' || '''ha nahela'''<br>She is going inside.
|-
| '''-la''' || ''n / v'' || become; change/turn into ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|ela]]''' || '''ha inyala'''<br>She is becoming hungry.
|-
| '''-la''' || ''n'' || any; indefinite; some ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|ula]]''' || '''mola'''<br>anywhere; somewhere; wherever
|-
| '''-li''' || ''n'' || apiece; each; every || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|oli]]''' || '''mitali kinya'''<br>Each dog is silver.
|}
== ya ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
|-
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
|-
| '''-ya''' || ''n'' || in-law; relative by marriage || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tla|tlaya]]''' || '''nakuya'''<br>sister-in-law
|-
| '''ye-''' || ''n'' || that (over there) [DIST] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ya|yetla]]''' || '''ta yemita anya ka'''<br>Do you see that dog (over there)?
|-
| '''-ye''' || ''v'' || past tense [PST] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|aye]]''' || '''na inaye'''<br>I ate.
|-
| '''-yo''' || ''n'' || possessive [POSS]; genitive [GEN] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ya|yoha]]''' || '''mita nayo'''<br>my dog
|}
== a ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
|-
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
|-
| '''e-''' || ''n'' || object; patient [P] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|eke]]''' || '''eta unya'''<br>You are known.
|-
| '''i-''' || ''n'' || this (by me) [PROX] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|itla]]''' || '''imita nayo'''<br>This dog is mine.
|-
| '''-i''' || ''n / v'' || reflexive [REFL] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|ki]]''' || '''na'i tlela'''<br>I bathe myself.
|-
| '''o-''' || ''n'' || venerated; honored || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|o]]''' || '''otsaka'''<br>The honorable home.
|-
| '''-u / u-''' || ''n / v'' || (double for redundant syllable) || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|u]]''' || '''tsaka taha'u'''<br>The very large house.
|}


= Notes =
= Notes =


# The '''-u / u-''' is used to replace redundant syllables.
# The '''-u / u-''' is used to replace redundant syllables.

Revision as of 15:34, 14 October 2017

See also: Kala lexicon

These are the functional affixes used in Kala.

Modals

from pala
na mokuyepak - 1s sleep-PST-ABIL-NEG - I was unable to sleep.
nam mue pana ke mauam anyapak - 1pl without rain O flower-PL see-ABIL-NEG - We cannot see the flowers without rain.
  • -pya marks the Attemptative (ATT)
from upya
neko ke panya matapya - cat O mouse kill-ATT - The cat is trying to kill the mouse.
ima ha inapyak - now 3s eat-ATT-NEG - She hasn't tried to eat yet.


Notes

  1. The -u / u- is used to replace redundant syllables.
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