User:Masako/sandbox: Difference between revisions

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= nkalu =
= nkalu =


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
|+ nkalo
|+  
|-
|-
!  
!  
! Agent<br>''nominative''
! Static
! Patient<br>''accusative''
! ''example''
! Reflexive
! Motive
! Possessive<br>''genitive''
! ''example''
! Reciprocal
|-
|-
! 1sg
! nahe
| '''na'''<br>I || '''ena'''<br>me || '''na'i'''<br>myself || '''nayo'''<br>my; mine ||
| ''inside; within'' || '''yetsi ke sala nahe'''<br>The chair is in the room. || ''into'' || '''kam ke sala nahelaye'''<br>We entered the room.
|-
|-
! 2sg
! nyaue
| '''ta'''<br>you (thou) || '''eta'''<br>you (thee) || '''ta'i'''<br>yourself || '''tayo'''<br>your(s) ||
| ''outside; exterior'' || '''ito ke tsaka nyaue'''<br>The tree is outside the house. || ''out of'' || '''ya neko ke tsayo nyauemya'''<br>Take the cat out of the car.
|-
|-
! 3sg
! ua'e
| '''ha'''<br>he/she|| '''eha'''<br>him/her || '''ha'i'''<br>himself/herself || '''hayo'''<br>his/her(s) ||
| ''on; upon; above'' || '''tanu ke yempa ua'e'''<br>The dish is upon the table. || ''onto; upon'' || '''mita ke topa ua'ela'''<br>The dog gets onto the bed.
|-
|-
! 4sg
! 4sg
| '''tla'''<br>it/one || '''etla'''<br>it (one) || '''tla'i'''<br>itself/oneself || '''tlayo'''<br>its/one's ||
| '''tlam''' || '''etlam''' || '''tlami''' || '''tlamyo'''
|-
|-
! 1pl<br>1pl [[wp:Clusivity|EXCL]]
! 1pl<br>1pl [[wp:Clusivity|EXCL]]
| '''nam'''<br>we<br>'''na'am'''<br>we (not you) || '''enam'''<br>'''ena'am''' || '''nami'''<br>'''na'ami''' || '''namyo'''<br>'''na'amyo''' || '''nanku'''<br>'''na'anku'''
| '''tlam''' || '''etlam''' || '''tlami''' || '''tlamyo'''
|-
|-
! 2pl
! 2pl
| '''tam'''<br>you (all) || '''etam'''<br>you (all) || '''tami'''<br>yourselves || '''tamyo'''<br>your(s) || '''tanku'''<br>you (each other)
| '''tlam''' || '''etlam''' || '''tlami''' || '''tlamyo'''
|-
|-
! 3pl
! 3pl
| '''kam''' || '''ekam''' || '''kami''' || '''kamyo''' || '''kanku'''
| '''tlam''' || '''etlam''' || '''tlami''' || '''tlamyo'''
|-
|-
! 4pl
! 4pl
| '''tlam''' || '''etlam''' || '''tlami''' || '''tlamyo''' || '''tlanku'''
| '''tlam''' || '''etlam''' || '''tlami''' || '''tlamyo'''
|}
|}


Revision as of 14:53, 14 October 2017

pa'a

na'o ta'o ha'o
plosive
pana (rain) 		pa ta ka
nasal
maua (flower) 		ma na nya
affricate
tlatsa (fire) 		tsa tla
continuant
honu (turtle) 		sa ha la
semivowel
yasa (wind) 		ua ya a


noun phrases

The basic noun phrase in Kala is PREPOSITION DETERMINER RELATIVE-CLAUSE NOUN DESCRIPTIVE-VERB. Depending on context, this is fairly predominant with a few exceptions

  • opinion-size-age-shape-color-origin-material-purpose Noun

ukum

Kala number English ordinal multiple fractional
na'o 1 one kina'o
first		 tina'o
once		 -
ueta'o 12 twelve kiueta'o
twelfth		 tiueta'o
twelve times		 iueta'o
a twelfth
yauema'o
yama'o		 54 fifty four kiyama'o
fifty fourth		 tiyama'o
54 times		 iyama'o
a fifty fourth
nyetsa'o 106 one hundred (and) six kinyetsa'o
106th		 tinyetsa'o
106 times		 inyetsa'o
a 106th
katle'o 7000 seven thousand kikatle'o
seven thousandth		 tikatle'o
7000 times		 ikatle'o
1/7000

conjunctions

akana.conlang.org/wiki/C%C9%99ss%C4%B1n#Conjunctions


Coordinating conjunctions
ma used to link nouns
ku used to link clauses and phrases
na'o 1
na'o 1
na'o 1

pi - although; even though; even if ku - and; also; too; as well [CONJ] {clause level] ma / -m / -lo - and; also; too; as well [CONJ] ehe [me] - but; yet; however impo - therefore; as a result; so; consequently; thus ua - or; either ue - either X or Y uenke [uek] - neither X nor Y yatli - if X then Y yema - both X and Y

genitive

singular plural
1 nai kai
2 tiya tai
3 ai mai

{{col-begin}} {{col-break}} {{col-end}}

Derivational morphology

  • Noun → adjective: Suffix: -un
  • Adjective → noun: Suffix: -iya
  • Noun → verb: Suffix: -ek / -ra
  • Verb → noun: Suffix: -a / a-
  • Verb → adjective: Suffix: -u
  • Adjective → adverb: Suffix: -ha / -ak
  • One who X's (e.g. paint → painter): Suffix: -in
  • Place where (e.g. wine → winery): Suffix: -da
  • Diminutive: Suffix: -XX
  • Augmentative: Suffix: -XX

:{| style="padding:10px 5px 10px 5px; font-family:Arial; font-style:italic; border:solid 1px rgb(0,0,0); background-color:rgb(250,250,255);" |- | rowspan="2" style="background-color:rgb(200,100,100);" |    | style="font-size:1.5em; text-align:center;" | Section under development |- | style="padding:0 0 0 30px;" | Please do not edit this section while this banner is displayed |}

subject/object

s/o - 1s 2s 3s 1p 2p 3p
1s -an - -anti -anu -anuk -anut -anum
2s -ti -eyan - -eyu -eyuk -eyut -eyum
3s -u -ilan -ati -ilu -iluk -ilut -ilum
1p -uk -ukan -ukti -uku - -ukut -ukum
2p -ut -utan -ute -utu -utuk - -utum
3p -um -uman -umti -umu -umuk -umut -

verb conju

Tense/Aspect suffixes
Name Suffix Example English Gloss Other Examples English Gloss
Simple Present - bew-an I bring ary-an I see
Present Perfect -eh- bew-eh-an I have brought
Present Obligatory - - I am obliged to bring - we are obliged to warn
Simple Past -esh- bew-esh-an I brought - it was, I viewed
Immediate Past - - I just brought
Past Perfect - - I had brought
Simple Future -ur- beweq-ur-an I will bring - you will find
Future Possible - - I may bring - they may help
Future Perfect - - I will have brought - you will have found
Future Obligatory - - I will be obliged to bring - you will be obliged to find

word gen kala

C=ptkmnshcxl
N=bdg
A=aeiou
W=12
Y=345
P=pkmnh
S=pkmnhsc

c|ts
x|tl
b|mp
d|nt
g|nk
1|ua
2|ue
3|ya
4|ye
5|yo
tu|ta
lu|la

CA
NA
PY
SW


hangul

However, Hangul is the primary script for Kala and is used in this grammar description, therefore, what follows is a cursory explanation of how Hangul is adapted for Kala.

tense

present past future
simple -e -i -o
perfect -le -li -lo
obligatory -se -so
immediate -ib
possible -go

case

man - amul singular dual plural
nominative amul
man 		mulik
the (two) men 		mulim
the men
accusative mulwa
man 		mulikwa
(two) men 		mulimwa
men
genitive mulya
man's 		mulikai
(two) men's 		mulimya
men's
dative bimul
to [a/the] man 		bimulik
to [the] (two) men 		bimulim
to [the] men
locative muleda
in/at/by [the/a] man 		mulikeda
in/at/by [the] (two) men 		mulimda
in/at/by [the] men
ablative mulesha
from/off of [the/a] man 		muliksha
from/off of [the] (two) men 		mulimsha
from/off of [the] men
comitative mulha
with/by/through/using [the/a] man 		mulikha
with/by/through/using [the] (two) men 		mulimak
with/by/through/using [the] men

format

  • muku
/muːˈkʊ/
knife; blade; weapon; arms
"sword"

malo

pronouns

  • wa- - first person
  • ni- - second person
  • ko- - third person

plural not marked

verbs

  • ta - be; exist
  • na - see; look; know
  • yema - eat; drink
  • ya - have; possess

nouns

  • no - eye; sight; vision
  • yemo - food; sustenance

evidentiality

Example Translation Evidential
hi·dawʔaƛwa·d "I hear he found it" -wa·t, hearsay
pu·pu·q̓adʔi "he's blowing a whistle" -q̓adi, auditory
č̓apaccaqil "It looks like a canoe" -caqił, uncertain visual evidence, as trying to make out something at a distance
haʔuk̓aƛpi·dic "I see you ate" -pi·t, inference from physical evidence
dudu·k̓aƛx̌a·š "He's probably singing" -x̌a·-š, inferred probability

nkalu

Static example Motive example
nahe inside; within yetsi ke sala nahe
The chair is in the room.		 into kam ke sala nahelaye
We entered the room.
nyaue outside; exterior ito ke tsaka nyaue
The tree is outside the house.		 out of ya neko ke tsayo nyauemya
Take the cat out of the car.
ua'e on; upon; above tanu ke yempa ua'e
The dish is upon the table.		 onto; upon mita ke topa ua'ela
The dog gets onto the bed.
4sg tlam etlam tlami tlamyo
1pl
1pl EXCL 		tlam etlam tlami tlamyo
2pl tlam etlam tlami tlamyo
3pl tlam etlam tlami tlamyo
4pl tlam etlam tlami tlamyo

Morphosyntax

  • Simple declarative sentences usually have a subject-object-verb word order, though occasionally adverbs fall outside this paradigm and various particles can free-up word order. Kala has four grammatical persons — first, second, third, and obviative. The third person is used for proximate nouns, while obviates are non-present or demoted in comparison to a third person. Inanimate objects cannot be the proximate third person. Kala is an agglutinative language. It uses various affixes, mostly suffixes, to change the meaning and grammatical function of words.

Nouns are inflected for number.

animacy

All nouns are classified as either animate or inanimate. Generally it is easy to determine whether a noun will be animate, although some inherently inanimate objects such as...

Arguments of verbs are marked with a (patient marker) transitivity prefix/particle which must agree with the animacy of its arguments. Even in stories in which a grammatically inanimate object are markedly anthropomorphized, such as talking flowers, speakers will not use animate agreement markers with them.

verbs

The Kala verbal template contains a stem with several suffixes. The structure of the verb stem in Kala can be roughly broken down into the root, the medial, and the final. The root and final tend to be required elements. In Kala, the category of verb may also include words that would be categorized as adjectives or quantifiers in English.

Examples

Nom Josef Migel Patrico
Rejimento De marina 2.png
La Marina
Batalion Scermo de omieda.png
Omieda
Scuadron Bereta spadores.gif
La Spadores
Grado O2grado.png
Teninte
Nom Pablo Martin
Rejimento De tera 2.png
La Tera
Batalion Scermo de ordino.png
Ordino
Scuadron Bereta canonores.gif
La Canonores
Grado E4grado.png
Sarjento


Quotes I like.

Garak

  • I always hope for the best. Experience, unfortunately, has taught me to expect the worst.
  • Never let sentiment get in the way of your work.
  • The truth is usually just an excuse for lack of imagination.
  • Lying is a skill like any other. And if you want to maintain a level of excellence, you have to practice constantly.

Picard

  • No being is so important that he can usurp the rights of another.
  • It is possible to commit no mistakes and still lose. That is not a weakness; that is life.
  • Seize the time... Live now! Make now always the most precious time. Now will never come again.
  • There is a way out of every box, a solution to every puzzle; it's just a matter of finding it.

Spock

  • Change is the essential process of life.
  • The needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few, or the one.
  • Insults are effective only where emotion is present.
  • Logic is the beginning of wisdom, not the end.

Tuvok

  • We often fear what we do not understand. Our best defense is knowledge.
  • Do not mistake composure for ease.
  • Without the darkness how would we recognize the light? ... Do not fear your negative thoughts. They are part of you. They are a part of every living being. To pretend it does not exist is to create an opportunity for it to escape.
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