Kala/affixes: Difference between revisions

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These are the functional affixes used in Kala. There are notes at the bottom of the page to explain exceptions and special cases.
These are the functional affixes used in Kala. There are notes at the bottom of the page to explain exceptions and special cases.


==== pa ====
{{Template:Nkala2}}


'''-pa''' is taken from '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|pala]]''', meaning "be able; can; ability; be possible". It is used to convey the concept of capability or what is possible. It can also be analyzed as a abilitative mood [ABIL] affix.
== pa ==


* '''na inapa'''
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: I am able to eat.
|-
 
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
* '''kamena anyapayek'''
|-
: They were unable to see me.
| '''-pa''' || ''n'' || able to ~; can ~; ~ is possible [POT] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|pala]]''' || '''na inapa'''<br>I am able to eat.
 
|-
==== pe ====
| '''-pe''' || ''n'' || part/piece of ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|peya]]''' || '''inape'''<br>morsel; crumb
 
|-
'''-pe''' is taken from '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|peya]]''', meaning "part of; piece of". It is used to convey the concept of a partitive construction or what is partial.
| '''-po''' || ''v'' || compelled to ~; forced to ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#na|nipo]]''' || '''ena inapo'''<br>I am compelled to eat.
 
|-
* '''etla inape'''
| '''-pu''' || ''n'' || attire; clothes; clothing || '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|puku]]''' || '''anapu'''<br>hat
: It is a crumb.
|-
 
| '''-pua''' || ''v'' || finished; completed [PFV] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|opua]]''' || '''ha inapua'''<br>He has eaten.
* '''itsakape hikyampa'''
|-
: This section of the house is very old.
| '''-pya''' || ''v'' || attempt; try [ATT] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|upya]]''' || '''kam inapya'''<br>They are trying to eat.
 
|-
==== pi ====
| '''-pye''' || ''n'' || too much/many; excessive(ly) || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kupye]]''' || '''ke inapye'''<br>There's too much food.
 
|-
==== po ====
| '''-pyo''' || ''n / v'' || disease; ill; sick || '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|pyoki]]''' || '''tsinipyo'''<br>diabetes
 
|-
'''-po''' is taken from '''[[Kala/lexicon#na|nipo]]''', meaning "compel, force". It is used to convey the concept being forced or compelled to  do something.
| '''-mpa''' || ''n'' || many; much; a lot || '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|mpa]]''' || '''mitampa ina'''<br>Many dogs are eating.
 
|-
* '''ena inapo'''
| '''-mpe''' || ''n / v'' || only; just; merely [LIM] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|amye]]''' || '''tlanampe kala'''<br>Only people speak.
: I am compelled to eat.
|-
 
| '''-mpo''' || ''n / v'' || bad; unfavorable; poor quality || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|mala]]''' || '''inampo'''<br>bad/rotten food
* '''ha'ena inapopapuak'''
|-
: She has not been able to compel me to eat.
| '''-mpu''' || ''n'' || shaped like ~; ~ form || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|umpu]]''' || '''pyotampu'''<br>cube shaped
 
|}
==== pu ====
 
'''-pu''' is taken from '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|puku]]''', meaning "attire; clothes; clothing". It is used to mark clothing as it relates to the portion of the body it covers.
 
* '''mo anapu tayo ka'''
: Where is your hat?
 
* '''yakapu kue hakanke'''
: A pant leg is not pants.
 
==== pua ====
 
'''-pua''' is taken from '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|opua]]''', meaning "finished; complete". It is used to mark the [[wp:Perfective_aspect|perfective aspect]].
 
* '''ha inapua'''
: He has eaten.
 
* '''ta ke mita anyapuaye ka'''
: Had you seen the dog?
 
==== pya ====
 
'''-pya''' is taken from '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|upya]]''', meaning "attempt; try". It is used to mark the attemptive mood.
 
* '''ona hayo inapya'''
: Her mother is trying to eat.
 
* '''ta topupyaye ka'''
: Did you try to jump?
 
==== pye ====
 
'''-pye''' is taken from '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kupye]]''', meaning "too much/many; excessive(ly)". It is used to indicate excessiveness.
 
* '''ke inapye'''
: There's too much food.
 
* '''kam tanapyenua'''
: They often fight too much.
 
==== pyo ====
 
'''-pyo''' is taken from '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|pyoki]]''', meaning "disease; ill; (be) sick". It is used to indicate a type of illness.
 
* '''naku na'amyo tsinipyoko'''
: Our sister is a diabetic.
 
* '''ha ke pusupyo tese'''
: He suffers from Parkinson's disease.
 
==== pao ====
 
'''-pao''' is taken from '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|payo]]''', meaning "crooked; warped; unbalanced". It is used to indicate something is unusual, abnormal, or weird.
 
* '''ueta nayo ke anyapao yoha'''
: My uncle has a crooked eye.
 
* '''ke mutapao hayo nya yala nkumumya'''
: His warped spine causes (him) difficulty.
 
==== mpa ====
 
'''-mpa''' is taken from '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|mpa]]''', meaning "many; a lot; much". It is used to indicate a large indefinite quantity.
 
* '''mitampa ina'''
: Many dogs are eating.
 
* '''kamyo ke nukumpa yoha'''
: They are filled with much hate.
 
==== mpe ====
 
'''-mpe''' is taken from '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|amye]]''', meaning "only; just; merely [LIM]". It is used to mark the limitative case.
 
* '''tlanampe kala'''
: Only people speak.
 
* '''tila ya'ompe yatohue'''
: They are only five fingers on a hand.
 
==== mpo ====
 
'''-mpo''' is taken from '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|mala]]''', meaning "bad; unfavorable; poor quality". It is used to indicate that something is unfavorable or undesired.
 
* '''inampo'''
: rotten food
 
* '''tla yohuampoye'''
: It was a bad night.
 
==== mpu ====


'''-mpu''' is taken from '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|umpu]]''', meaning "shape; form". It is used to indicate resemblance to a from or shape.
== ta ==
 
* '''pyotampu'''
: cube-shaped
 
* '''ana hayo kapumpu'''
: His head is box-shaped.


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== ka ==


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== ma ==


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== na ==


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== nya ==


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== sa ==


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== ha ==


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== tsa ==


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== tla ==


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== ua ==


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== la ==


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== ya ==


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== a ==


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Revision as of 07:49, 27 September 2017

See also: Kala lexicon

These are the functional affixes used in Kala. There are notes at the bottom of the page to explain exceptions and special cases.


pa ta ka ma na nya sa ha tsa tla ua la ya a

pa

affix modifies gloss derived from example
-pa n able to ~; can ~; ~ is possible [POT] pala na inapa
I am able to eat.
-pe n part/piece of ~ peya inape
morsel; crumb
-po v compelled to ~; forced to ~ nipo ena inapo
I am compelled to eat.
-pu n attire; clothes; clothing puku anapu
hat
-pua v finished; completed [PFV] opua ha inapua
He has eaten.
-pya v attempt; try [ATT] upya kam inapya
They are trying to eat.
-pye n too much/many; excessive(ly) kupye ke inapye
There's too much food.
-pyo n / v disease; ill; sick pyoki tsinipyo
diabetes
-mpa n many; much; a lot mpa mitampa ina
Many dogs are eating.
-mpe n / v only; just; merely [LIM] amye tlanampe kala
Only people speak.
-mpo n / v bad; unfavorable; poor quality mala inampo
bad/rotten food
-mpu n shaped like ~; ~ form umpu pyotampu
cube shaped

ta

affix modifies gloss derived from example
-ta n male; masculine [MASC] tlaka umata
stallion
-tai n named; (so-)called ~ ata kumatai
a so-called bear
-te v propose; request [PREC]; suggest teya inate
Please eat.
ti- num diverse; multi-; multiply tiha tika'o
septuplet; seven times
-to n / v manner; method; way to yamato
mountaineering

ka

affix modifies gloss derived from example
-kan n / v leader; chief; senior kana mitakan
alpha-dog
-ke v doubt; suspect; suspicion [dubitative DUB] ketsa ta unyake
[it is doubted that] you know
ki- num next; order; sequence [ordinal] tsuki kiha'o
third; 3rd
-ko (-tlo) n / v agentive [AG]; one who ~ ko yalako
walker
-kua n all; entire; every; whole kua mitakua hinatle
all dogs that are here
-kya v co-hortative [HORT] kya yalakya
Let's go.
-kyo n / v college; school; university hakyo hayakyo
veterinarian school
-kyo v fast; rapidly; quickly kyolo nam inakyo
We eat quickly.
-nke (-k) n / v negative [NEG]; no; not nke hinak
not [be] here
-nko v continue; proceed; progressive [PROG] nkoso ha mokunko
She is sleeping.
-nku pro reciprocate; [in] return; reciprocal [RECP] anku nanku anyatli
we will see each other

ma

affix modifies gloss derived from example
-m (-lo) n general plural ma mitam
dogs
-ma n / v time for/to ~ ama inama
(the) time to eat
-me v cancel; undo ~ kume iname
vomit [un-eat]
-mi n few; small amount [paucal PAU] ma + ahi mitami moku
a few dogs sleep
-mo n / v location; place; where mo inamo
restaurant; diner
-mu v begin; initial; start [inchoative INCH] mula ha inamu
he begins to eat
-mua n / v lack, be without, be in need of; insufficient pamua inamua
famine ; hunger
-mue n / v man-made; artificial; synthetic ume motsimue
plastic bag
-mya v cause; do; make [causative CAUS] muya ta'ena nukumya
You cause me to hate.
-mye v redo; resume muyaye ha inamye
She is eating (it) again.
-myo v allow; permit [permissive PERM] myonta eta inamyo
You are allowed to eat.

na

affix modifies gloss derived from example
-n (-no) v adverbial; object; thing-like; (-ish, -ly, -ous) no mita oyan
a blackish dog
-na n woman; feminine [FEM] naka umana
mare
-nai n / v type of food; food of ~ ina mitanai
dog food
-ne v ought to; suggest [SUG] neya ta inane
You should eat.
-ni n / v good; pleasant; regular niha inani
nice food / fine cuisine
-nua n / v frequent; often; regular [FREQ] nua kam inanua
They eat frequently.

nya

affix modifies gloss derived from example
-nyo n / v device; equipment; tool [INSTR] mayo inanyo
eating utensil [fork; spoon]

sa

affix modifies gloss derived from example
-sa n / v room; chamber; section sala inasa
dining room
-si n / v color of ~ sahi senusi
hair color
-so n class; type; kind so mitaso
a dog breed
-su n / v market; shop; store suku inasu
grocery; food market
-sue v prepare; get/be ready yaso na inasue
I am ready to eat.

ha

affix modifies gloss derived from example
-ha n / v augmentative [AUG]; big; large taha mitaha ina
The big dog eats.
-he n / v need; necessity; require [NEC] heya ta inahe
You need to eat.
-hi n / v diminutive [DIM]; few; small ahi mitahi
puppy (small dog)
-ho v assert; claim; state toho ta pakaho
(it is asserted that) You are dumb.
-hu n / v aggressive; drastic; extreme kyohu mita oyahu
an extremely black dog
-hua n / v flower; plant; flora maua nekohua
cattail (typha)
-hue n locative [LOC] hue ha tsakahue
She's at home.
-hya n / v animal; fauna haya tsakahya
pen; habitat; cage
-hyo n juice; extract; liquid from ~ hyota pomahyo
apple juice

tsa

affix modifies gloss derived from example
-tsa n / v damn [general invective] tsaya mitatsa
a damned dog
-tse v appear; seem tse'e ha inatse
She seems to be eating.
tsi- n angle; bend; corner atsi tsiya'o
pentagon (five angles)
-tso n / v center; middle; mid-; half tsoya kunyetso
half-moon
-tsu n flesh; meat; pulp kutsu manotsu
chicken meat
-tsua n / v almost; nearly; more-or-less tsua ha hinatsua
She is almost here.
-tsue v late; delayed; slow tsipue mita empatsue
The dog runs slowly.

tla

affix modifies gloss derived from example
-tla n / v language; dialect; speech kala nihonotla
Japanese [language]
-tle (-le) v relative clause marker [REL] ele na nahi inatle unya
I know the girl that/who is eating.
tli- n collective plural [COL]; group; pack tatli tlimita malo
a pack of brown dogs
-tli v future tense [FUT] atli na inatli
I will eat.

ua

affix modifies gloss derived from example
ua- n that (by you) [MED] uatla uamita hayo
That dog (by you) is his/hers.
-ua n / v science of ~; study of ~ kuaha hayaua
veterinarian medicine
-ue n / v intenion; desire; will [VOL] ueha / ueyo na inaue
I want/intend to eat.

la

affix modifies gloss derived from example
-la v go; move in direction of yala ha nahela
She is going inside.
-la n / v become; change/turn into ~ ela ha inyala
She is becoming hungry.
-la n any; indefinite; some ~ ula mola
anywhere; somewhere; wherever
-li n apiece; each; every oli mitali kinya
Each dog is silver.

ya

affix modifies gloss derived from example
-ya n in-law; relative by marriage tlaya nakuya
sister-in-law
ye- n that (over there) [DIST] yetla ta yemita anya ka
Do you see that dog (over there)?
-ye v past tense [PST] aye na inaye
I ate.
-yo n possessive [POSS]; genitive [GEN] yoha mita nayo
my dog

a

affix modifies gloss derived from example
e- n object; patient [P] eke eta unya
You are known.
i- n this (by me) [PROX] itla imita nayo
This dog is mine.
-i n / v reflexive [REFL] ki na'i tlela
I bathe myself.
o- n venerated; honored o otsaka
The honorable home.
-u / u- n / v (double for redundant syllable) u tsaka taha'u
The very large house.

Notes

  1. The -u / u- is used to replace redundant syllables.