User:Masako/sandbox

pa'a

	na'o	ta'o	ha'o
plosive pana (rain)	pa	ta	ka
nasal maua (flower)	ma	na	nya
affricate tlatsa (fire)	tsa	tla
continuant honu (turtle)	sa	ha	la
semivowel yasa (wind)	ua	ya	a

noun phrases

The basic noun phrase in Kala is PREPOSITION DETERMINER NOUN DESCRIPTIVE-VERB RELATIVE-CLAUSE. Depending on context, this is fairly predominant with a few exceptions

• opinion-size-age-shape-color-origin-material-purpose Noun

ukum

Kala	number	English	ordinal	multiple	fractional
na'o	1	one	kina'o first	tina'o once	-
ueta'o	12	twelve	kiueta'o twelfth	tiueta'o twelve times	iueta'o a twelfth
yauema'o yama'o	54	fifty four	kiyama'o fifty fourth	tiyama'o 54 times	iyama'o a fifty fourth
nyetsa'o	106	one hundred (and) six	kinyetsa'o 106th	tinyetsa'o 106 times	inyetsa'o a 106th
katle'o	7000	seven thousand	kikatle'o seven thousandth	tikatle'o 7000 times	ikatle'o 1/7000

conjunctions

akana.conlang.org/wiki/C%C9%99ss%C4%B1n#Conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions
ma	used to link nouns
ku	used to link clauses and phrases
na'o	1
na'o	1
na'o	1

pi - although; even though; even if ku - and; also; too; as well [CONJ] {clause level] ma / -m / -lo - and; also; too; as well [CONJ] ehe [me] - but; yet; however impo - therefore; as a result; so; consequently; thus ua - or; either ue - either X or Y uenke [uek] - neither X nor Y yatli - if X then Y yema - both X and Y

genitive

	singular	plural
1	nai	kai
2	tiya	tai
3	ai	mai

{{col-begin}} {{col-break}} {{col-end}}

Derivational morphology

• Noun → adjective: Suffix: -XX
• Adjective → noun: Suffix: -XX
• Noun → verb: Suffix: -XX
• Verb → noun: Suffix: -XX
• Verb → adjective: Suffix: -XX
• Adjective → adverb: Suffix: -XX
• One who X's (e.g. paint → painter): Suffix: -in
• Place where (e.g. wine → winery): Suffix: -XX
• Diminutive: Suffix: -XX
• Augmentative: Suffix: -XX

subject/object

s/o	-	1s	2s	3s	1p	2p	3p
1s	-an	-	-anti	-anu	-anuk	-anut	-anum
2s	-ti	-eyan	-	-eyu	-eyuk	-eyut	-eyum
3s	-u	-ilan	-ati	-ilu	-iluk	-ilut	-ilum
1p	-uk	-ukan	-ukti	-uku	-	-ukut	-ukum
2p	-ut	-utan	-ute	-utu	-utuk	-	-utum
3p	-um	-uman	-umti	-umu	-umuk	-umut	-

verb conju

Tense/Aspect suffixes

Name	Suffix	Example	English Gloss	Other Examples	English Gloss
Simple Present	-	bew-an	I bring	ary-an	I see
Present Perfect	-eh-	bew-eh-an	I have brought
Present Obligatory	-	-	I am obliged to bring	-	we are obliged to warn
Simple Past	-esh-	bew-esh-an	I brought	-	it was, I viewed
Immediate Past	-	-	I just brought
Past Perfect	-	-	I had brought
Simple Future	-ur-	beweq-ur-an	I will bring	-	you will find
Future Possible	-	-	I may bring	-	they may help
Future Perfect	-	-	I will have brought	-	you will have found
Future Obligatory	-	-	I will be obliged to bring	-	you will be obliged to find

word gen kala

C=ptkmnshcxl
N=bdg
A=aeiou
W=12
Y=345
P=pkmnh
S=pkmnhsc

c|ts
x|tl
b|mp
d|nt
g|nk
1|ua
2|ue
3|ya
4|ye
5|yo
tu|ta
lu|la

CA
NA
PY
SW

hangul

However, Hangul is the primary script for Kala and is used in this grammar description, therefore, what follows is a cursory explanation of how Hangul is adapted for Kala.

Han Moya

Han Moya is an adaptation of Hangul for writing Kala. It is written horizontally, in lines running from left to right. It can also be written vertically in columns.

Consonants

• ㄱㄲㄴㄷㄸㄹㅁㅂㅃㅅㅆㅇㅈㅉㅊㅋㅌㅍㅎ

k nk n t nt l m p mp s ns a ts nts ts` k` tl p` h

/k~g ᵑk~ⁿg n t~d ⁿt~ⁿd l~ɾ m p~b ᵐp~ᵐb s~ʃ ⁿs~ⁿʃ - ts~t͡ʃ ⁿts~ⁿt͡ʃ tsʰ~t͡ʃʰ kʰ t͡ɬ~tl pʰ h~ɦ/

The adaptations of doubled consonants are used word initially to indicate prenasalization. Medial occurrences of nasalized syllables are written across syllables.

Vowels

• ㅏ ᅶ ㅐ ㅑ ᅸ ㅓ ㅕ ㅗ ㅛ ㅜ ㅟ ㅠ ㅡ ㅣ

a ao ai ya yao e ye o ao yo ua uai ue u i

/a~a: aʊ̯ aɪ̯ ja~ʲa: jaʊ̯~ʲaʊ̯ e~ɛ je~ʲɛ o~o: jo~ʲo: wa~ʷa: waɪ̯~ʷaɪ̯ we~ʷe: u~u: i~ɪ/

• ㅘ This is pronounced /we/ in Korean because of the order of the vowels; however, because obsolete jamo are difficult to type and look junky as images, in Kala, this is used for /aʊ̯/ when typing. It is rarely seen due to the diphthong itself being uncommon.

tense

	present	past	future
simple	-e	-i	-o
perfect	-le	-li	-lo
obligatory	-se		-so
immediate		-ib
possible			-go

case

man - amul	singular	dual	plural
nominative	amul man	mulik the (two) men	mulim the men
accusative	mulwa man	mulikwa (two) men	mulimwa men
genitive	mulya man's	mulikai (two) men's	mulimya men's
dative	bimul to [a/the] man	bimulik to [the] (two) men	bimulim to [the] men
locative	muleda in/at/by [the/a] man	mulikeda in/at/by [the] (two) men	mulimda in/at/by [the] men
ablative	mulesha from/off of [the/a] man	muliksha from/off of [the] (two) men	mulimsha from/off of [the] men
comitative	mulha with/by/through/using [the/a] man	mulikha with/by/through/using [the] (two) men	mulimak with/by/through/using [the] men

format

• muku

/muːˈkʊ/

knife; blade; weapon; arms

"sword"

evidentiality

Example	Translation	Evidential
hi·dawʔaƛwa·d	"I hear he found it"	-wa·t, hearsay
pu·pu·q̓adʔi	"he's blowing a whistle"	-q̓adi, auditory
č̓apaccaqil	"It looks like a canoe"	-caqił, uncertain visual evidence, as trying to make out something at a distance
haʔuk̓aƛpi·dic	"I see you ate"	-pi·t, inference from physical evidence
dudu·k̓aƛx̌a·š	"He's probably singing"	-x̌a·-š, inferred probability

nkalu

nkalo

	Agent nominative	Patient accusative	Reflexive	Possessive genitive	Reciprocal
1sg	na I	ena me	na'i myself	nayo my; mine
2sg	ta you (thou)	eta you (thee)	ta'i yourself	tayo your(s)
3sg	ha he/she	eha him/her	ha'i himself/herself	hayo his/her(s)
4sg	tla it/one	etla it (one)	tla'i itself/oneself	tlayo its/one's
1pl 1pl EXCL	nam we na'am we (not you)	enam ena'am	nami na'ami	namyo na'amyo	nanku na'anku
2pl	tam you (all)	etam you (all)	tami yourselves	tamyo your(s)	tanku you (each other)
3pl	kam	ekam	kami	kamyo	kanku
4pl	tlam	etlam	tlami	tlamyo	tlanku

Morphosyntax

• Simple declarative sentences usually have a subject-object-verb word order, though occasionally adverbs fall outside this paradigm and various particles can free-up word order. Kala has four grammatical persons — first, second, third, and obviative. The third person is used for proximate nouns, while obviates are non-present or demoted in comparison to a third person. Inanimate objects cannot be the proximate third person. Kala is an agglutinative language. It uses various affixes, mostly suffixes, to change the meaning and grammatical function of words.

Nouns are inflected for number.

animacy

All nouns are classified as either animate or inanimate. Generally it is easy to determine whether a noun will be animate, although some inherently inanimate objects such as...

Arguments of verbs are marked with a (patient marker) transitivity prefix/particle which must agree with the animacy of its arguments. Even in stories in which a grammatically inanimate object are markedly anthropomorphized, such as talking flowers, speakers will not use animate agreement markers with them.

verbs

The Kala verbal template contains a stem with several suffixes. The structure of the verb stem in Kala can be roughly broken down into the root, the medial, and the final. The root and final tend to be required elements. In Kala, the category of verb may also include words that would be categorized as adjectives or quantifiers in English.

Examples

Nom	Josef Migel Patrico
Rejimento	La Marina
Batalion	Omieda
Scuadron	La Spadores
Grado	Teninte

Nom	Pablo Martin
Rejimento	La Tera
Batalion	Ordino
Scuadron	La Canonores
Grado	Sarjento