Senjecas - break: Difference between revisions

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===Pronunciation table===
===Pronunciation table===
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:500px;"
::{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:500px;"
!p
!p
!b
!b
!f
!f
!v
!v
!ƿ
!m̃
!m
!m
|
|
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!þ
!þ
!ð
!ð
!ł
!ɫ
!l
!l
|
|
|
|
!c
!ṡ
!ƶ
!ż
!s
!s
!z
!z
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!g
!g
!x
!x
!ᵹ
!ƣ
!h
!h
!ȝ
!ȝ
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|
|
!š
!š
!ṡ
!s̨
|
|
|
|
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!e
!e
!a
!a
!ɔ
!õ
!o
!o
!u
!u
|
|
|
|
!ı
!ĭ
!ɛ
!ĕ
!y
!ŭ
|-
|-
|/p/
|/p/
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|/ɸ/
|/ɸ/
|/β/
|/β/
|/m̊/
|/m̥/
|/m/
|/m/
|
|
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|
|
|/ɪ/
|/ɪ/
|/ɛ/
|/ĕ/
|/ʊ/
|/ʊ/
|}
===Glossing abbreviations===
::{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|1s/p = first person singular/plural
|V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural)
|CAUS = [[Wikipedia:Causative|causative]]
|EQU = equative degree
|INS = instrument
|Q = [[Wikipedia:Interrogative word|interrogative particle]]
|-
|2s/p = second person singular/plural
|ABS = absolutive (an unmarked modifying adjective)
|DES = [[Wikipedia:Desiderative mood|desiderative]]
|F = feminine
|INT = intensive prefix
|QUOT = direct quotation
|-
|3p/m = third person [[Wikipedia:Demonstrative#distal and proximal demonstratives|proximal/medial]]
|ADV = adverb
|DIM = diminutive
|FRQ = [[Wikipedia:Frequentative|frequentative]]
|M = masculine
|REL = [[Wikipedia:Relativizer|relativizer]]
|-
|4 = [[Wikipedia:Obviative|fourth person]]
|AG = [[Wikipedia:Agent (grammar)|agent]]
|ELIS = [[Wikipedia:Elision|elision]]
|FUT = future
|PP = patient (past) participle
|RPRF = recent perfective
|-
|A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural)
|AP = agent (active) participle
|EP = [[Wikipedia:Epenthesis#As a grammatical rule|epenthesis]]
|IMP = imperative
|PRF = perfect
|SBJ = subjunctive
|-
|G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural)
|AUG = augmentative
|ELT = [[Wikipedia:Elative|elative]]
|INC = [[Wikipedia:Inchoative aspect|inchoative]]
|PRV = [[Wikipedia:Privative|privative prefix]]
|SUP = [[Wikipedia:Supine|supine]]
|-
|N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural)
|
|
|IND = indicative
|PST = past
|
|}
|}


Line 104: Line 157:
::She broke the cup.
::She broke the cup.


::{|Class=wikitable
::{| Class=wikitable
!n-u||gı̋nd-om||e=le̋m-a
!n-u||gı̋nd-om||e=le̋m-a
|-
|-
|3-NOM.SG||cup-ACC.SG||PST=break-IND
|3-N.s||cup-A.s||PST=break-IND
|}
|}


*2. '''le̋ma''' - crack or fracture under a physical strain
*2. '''le̋ma''' - crack or fracture under a physical strain
::'''hűsu ȝe̋gom éna e-pı̋za da la̋kom e-le̋ma:'''
::'''hűsu ȝe̋gom éna e-pı̋za da la̋kom e-le̋ma:'''
::The boy slipped on the ice and broke his leg.
::The boy slipped on the ice and broke (his) leg.


::{|Class=wikitable
::{| Class=wikitable
!hűs-u||ȝe̋g-om||éna||e=pı̋z-a||da||la̋k-om||e=le̋m-a
!hűs-u||ȝe̋g-om||éna||e=pı̋z-a||da||la̋k-om||e=le̋m-a
|-
|-
|boy-NOM.SG||ice-ACC.SG||on||PST=slip-IND||and||leg-ACC.SG||PST=break-IND
|boy-N.s||ice-A.s||on||PST=slip-IND||and||leg-A.s||PST=break-IND
|}
|}


*3. '''pűla''' - divide something into smaller units
*3. '''pűla''' - divide something into smaller units
::'''k̬a̋pu pıpı̋no dę̋gon éna mų̋tom e-pűla:'''
::'''k̬a̋pu pĭpı̋no de̋e̋gon éna műűtom e-pűla:'''
::The merchant broke the bundle into smaller parcels.
::The merchant broke the bundle into smaller parcels.


::{|Class=wikitable
::{| Class=wikitable
!k̬a̋p-u||pı~pı̋no-Ø||dę̋g-on||éna||mų̋t-om||e=pűl-a
!k̬a̋p-u||pĭ~pı̋no-Ø||de̋e̋g-on||éna||műűt-om||e=pűl-a
|-
|-
|merchant-NOM.SG||CPAR~small-ABS||parcel-ACC.PL||into||bundle-ACC.SG||PST=divide-IND
|merchant-N.s||ELT~small-ABS||parcel-A.p||into||bundle-A.s||PST=divide-IND
|}
|}


*4. '''dusrę̋da''' - crush the spirit
*4. '''dusre̋e̋da''' - crush the spirit
::'''gunős i-mǫ̋do kísu kőlaþum u-dusrę̋da:'''
::'''gunős i-mőődo kísu kőlaþum u-dusre̋e̋da:'''
::This method of torture will surely break the prisoner.
::This method of torture will surely break the prisoner.


::{|Class=wikitable
::{| Class=wikitable
!gunős||i=mǫ̋d-o||kísu||kőlaþ-um||u=dus=rę̋d-a
!gunős||i=mőőd-o||kísu||kőlaþ-um||u=dus=re̋e̋d-a
|-
|-
|torture-GEN.SG||this=method-NOM.SG||surely||prisoner-ACC.SG||FUT=dis=cheer-IND
|torture-G.s||this=method-N.s||surely||prisoner-A.s||FUT=dis-=cheer-IND
|}
|}


*5. '''dőma''' - cause to lose the will
*5. '''dőma''' - cause to lose the will
::'''tu mőrem dőmu ke̋la. ṅópa mı̋mu mą̋ᵹa:'''
::'''tu mőrem dőmu ke̋la. fési mı̋mu ma̋a̋ƣa:'''
::You have to break a horse before you can ride.
::You have to break a horse before you can ride.


::{|Class=wikitable
::{| Class=wikitable
!t-u||mőr-em||dőm-u||ke̋l-a||ṅópi||mı̋m-u||mą̋ᵹ-a
!t-u||mőr-em||dőm-u||ke̋l-a||fési||mı̋m-u||ma̋a̋ƣ-a
|-
|-
|2s-NOM||horse-ACC.SG||break-SUP||must-IND||before||ride-SUP||be.able-IND
|2s-N||horse-A.s||break-SUP||must-IND||before||ride-SUP||be.able-IND
|}
|}


*6. '''ðe̋ƶa''' - interrupt; destroy the continuity of; dissolve or terminate  
*6. '''ðe̋ża''' - interrupt; destroy the continuity of; dissolve or terminate  
::'''na̋bo są̋mom e-ðe̋ƶa:'''
::'''na̋bo sa̋a̋mom e-ðe̋ża:'''
::The explosion broke the silence.
::The explosion broke the silence.


::{|Class=wikitable
::{| Class=wikitable
!na̋b-o||są̋m-om||e=ðe̋ƶ-a
!na̋b-o||sa̋a̋m-om||e=ðe̋ż-a
|-
|-
|explosion-NOM.SG||silence-ACC.SG||PST=break-IND
|explosion-N.s||silence-A.s||PST=break-IND
|}
|}


*7. '''lı̋ða''' - violate, not adhere to
*7. '''lı̋ða''' - violate, not adhere to
::'''ur-nu į-þús o nu-k̬e̋tom e-lı̋ða:'''
::'''ur-su ii-nús o su-k̬e̋tom e-lı̋ða:'''
::He broke his promise to her.
::He broke his promise to her.


::{|Class=wikitable
::{| Class=wikitable
!ur=n-u||į=þ-ús||o||nu=k̬e̋t-om||e=lı̋ð-a
!ur=s-u||ii=n-ús||o||su=k̬e̋t-om||e=lı̋ð-a
|-
|-
|MALE=3-NOM.SG||FEM=4-GEN.SG||to||his=promise-ACC.SG||PST=break-IND
|M=3-N.s||F=3-G.s||to||his=promise-A.s||PST=break-IND
|}
|}


*8. '''ƿine̋uda''' - stop, or to cause to stop, functioning properly or altogether
*8. '''m̃ine̋uda''' - stop, or to cause to stop, functioning properly or altogether
::'''tu ḳǫ̋rlom ƿine̋udame:'''
::'''tu k̨őőrlom m̃ine̋udame:'''
::Did you break the churn?  
::Did you break the churn?  


::{|Class=wikitable
::{| Class=wikitable
!t-u||ḳǫ̋rl-om||ƿi=ne̋ud-a=me
!t-u||k̨őőrl-om||m̃i=ne̋ud-a=me
|-
|-
|2s-NOM||churn-ACC.SG||CONV=utilize-IND=Q
|2s-N||churn-A.s||CONV=utilize-IND=Q
|}
|}


*9. '''pa̋xa''' - interrupt (a fall) by inserting something so that the falling object not hit something else beneath
*9. '''pa̋xa''' - interrupt (a fall) by inserting something so that the falling object not hit something else beneath
::'''nu tűngom ų́da ı̋tom e-t̬ı̋ła. hi ne̋ri dų̋sis nu-fǫ̋lom e- pa̋xa:'''
::'''nu tűngom úúda ı̋tom e-t̬ı̋ɫa. hi ne̋ri dűűsis su-főőlom e-pa̋xa:'''
::He survived the jump out the window because the bushes below broke his fall.
::He survived the jump out the window because the bushes below broke his fall.


::{|Class=wikitable
::{| Class=wikitable
!n-u||tűng-om||ų́da||ı̋t-om||e=t̬ı̋ł-a||hi||ne̋ri-Ø||dų̋s-is||nu=fǫ̋l-om||e=pa̋x-a
!n-u||tűng-om||úúda||ı̋t-om||e=t̬ı̋ɫ-a||hi||ne̋ri-Ø||dűűs-is||su=főől-om||e=pa̋x-a
|-
|-
|3-NOM.SG||window-ACC.SG||out.of||jump-ACC.SG||PST=survive-IND||because||below-ABS||bush-NOM.PL||his=fall-ACC.SG||PST=stop-IND
|3-N.s||window-A.s||out.of||jump-A.s||PST=survive-IND||because||below-ABS||bush-N.p||his=fall-A.s||PST=stop-IND
|}
|}


===Intransitive===
===Intransitive===
*10. '''őna''' - be overwhelmed with sorrow or grief
*1. '''őna''' - be overwhelmed with sorrow or grief
::'''mu-sűð' őna:'''
::'''mu-sűð' őna:'''
::My heart is breaking.
::My heart is breaking.


::{|Class=wikitable
::{| Class=wikitable
!mu=sűð-'||őn-a
!mu=sűð-'||őn-a
|-
|-
|my=heart-EL||be.overwhelmed.with.grief-IND
|my=heart-ELIS||be.overwhelmed.with.grief-IND
|}
|}


*11. '''de̋usa''' - pass the most dangerous part of the illness
*2. '''de̋usa''' - pass the most dangerous part of the illness
::'''nu-ðe̋ło vaiᵹa̋s éna e-de̋usa:'''
::'''su-ðe̋ɫo vaiƣa̋s éna e-de̋usa:'''
::His fever broke at dawn.
::His fever broke at dawn.


::{|Class=wikitable
::{| Class=wikitable
!nu=ðe̋ł-o||vaiᵹ-a̋s||éna||e=de̋us-a
!su=ðe̋ɫ-o||vaiƣ-a̋s||éna||e=de̋us-a
|-
|-
|his=fever-NOM.SG||dawn-GEN.SG||at||PST=stop-IND
|his=fever-N.s||dawn-G.s||at||PST=stop-IND
|}
|}


*12. '''vı̋ra''' - collapse into surf
*3. '''vı̋ra''' - collapse into surf
::'''mu ḳűdom éna  vı̋ranto da̋lo' na̋ka:'''
::'''mu k̨űdom éna  vı̋ranto da̋lo' na̋ka:'''
::I see waves breaking on the shore.
::I see waves breaking on the shore.


::{|Class=wikitable
::{| Class=wikitable
!m-u||ḳűd-om||éna||vı̋r-a-nto-Ø||da̋l-o-'||na̋k-a
!m-u||k̨űd-om||éna||vı̋r-a-nto-Ø||da̋l-o-'||na̋k-a
|-
|-
|1s-NOM||shore-ACC.SG||on||collapse-IND-AP-ABS||wave-ACC.PL-EL||see-IND
|1s-N||shore-A.s||on||collapse-IND-AP-ABS||wave-A.p-ELIS||see-IND
|}
|}


*13. '''þűka''' - end of a storm or spell of weather
*4. '''þűka''' - end of a storm or spell of weather
::'''mu tei tı̨̋þo i-la̋þom ƿu-taᵹős fésa þűk' ı̋ca:'''
::'''mu-ȝa tı̋ı̋þo i-la̋þo m̃u-taƣős fésa þuke̋ȝa-ı̋ṡa:'''
::I hope this hot weather breaks before our trip.
::I hope this hot weather breaks before our trip.


::{|Class=wikitable
::{| Class=wikitable
!m-u||tei||tı̨̋þo-Ø||i=la̋þ-om||ƿu=taᵹ-ős||fésa||þűk-'||ı̋c-a
!m-u||ȝa||tı̋ı̋þo-Ø||i=la̋þ-o||m̃u=taƣ-ős||fésa||þuk-e̋ȝa||ı̋ṡ-a
|-
|-
|1s-NOM||REL||hot-ABS||this=weather-ACC.SG||our=trip-GEN.SG||before||finish-EL||hope-IND
|1s-N||REL||hot-ABS||this=weather-N.s||our=trip-G.s||before||finish-SBJ||hope-IND
|}
|}


*14. '''ƶűka''' - interrupt or cease one's work or occupation temporarily
*5. '''żűka''' - interrupt or cease one's work or occupation temporarily
::'''ƿú ƶűke: pósu ną́nu tőde:'''
::'''m̃ú żűke: pósu náánu tőde:'''
::Let's (take a) break, then start again.
::Let's (take a) break, then start again.


::{|Class=wikitable
::{| Class=wikitable
!ƿ-ú||ƶűk-e||pósu||ną́nu||tőd-e
!m̃-ú||żűk-e||pósu||náánu||tőd-e
|-
|-
|1p-VOC||pause-IMP||then||again||begin-IMP
|1p-V||pause-IMP||then||again||begin-IMP
|}
|}

Revision as of 06:42, 21 July 2017

Pronunciation table

p b f v m̃ m t d þ ð ɫ l ṡ ż s z r n k g x ƣ h ȝ š s̨ i e a õ o u ĭ ĕ ŭ
/p/ /b/ /ɸ/ /β/ /m̥/ /m/ /t/ /d/ /θ/ /ð/ /l̥/ /l/ /ʦ/ /ʣ/ /s/ /z/ /ɾ̥/ /n/ /k/ /g/ /ç/ /ʝ/ /j̊/ /j/ /sʷ/ /sʲ/ /i/ /e/ /ä/ /ɒ/ /o/ /u/ /ɪ/ /ĕ/ /ʊ/


Glossing abbreviations

1s/p = first person singular/plural V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural) CAUS = causative EQU = equative degree INS = instrument Q = interrogative particle
2s/p = second person singular/plural ABS = absolutive (an unmarked modifying adjective) DES = desiderative F = feminine INT = intensive prefix QUOT = direct quotation
3p/m = third person proximal/medial ADV = adverb DIM = diminutive FRQ = frequentative M = masculine REL = relativizer
4 = fourth person AG = agent ELIS = elision FUT = future PP = patient (past) participle RPRF = recent perfective
A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural) AP = agent (active) participle EP = epenthesis IMP = imperative PRF = perfect SBJ = subjunctive
G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural) AUG = augmentative ELT = elative INC = inchoative PRV = privative prefix SUP = supine
N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural) IND = indicative PST = past


Transitive

  • 1. le̋ma - separate into two or more pieces
nu gı̋ndom e-le̋ma:
She broke the cup.
n-u gı̋nd-om e=le̋m-a
3-N.s cup-A.s PST=break-IND
  • 2. le̋ma - crack or fracture under a physical strain
hűsu ȝe̋gom éna e-pı̋za da la̋kom e-le̋ma:
The boy slipped on the ice and broke (his) leg.
hűs-u ȝe̋g-om éna e=pı̋z-a da la̋k-om e=le̋m-a
boy-N.s ice-A.s on PST=slip-IND and leg-A.s PST=break-IND
  • 3. pűla - divide something into smaller units
k̬a̋pu pĭpı̋no de̋e̋gon éna műűtom e-pűla:
The merchant broke the bundle into smaller parcels.
k̬a̋p-u pĭ~pı̋no-Ø de̋e̋g-on éna műűt-om e=pűl-a
merchant-N.s ELT~small-ABS parcel-A.p into bundle-A.s PST=divide-IND
  • 4. dusre̋e̋da - crush the spirit
gunős i-mőődo kísu kőlaþum u-dusre̋e̋da:
This method of torture will surely break the prisoner.
gunős i=mőőd-o kísu kőlaþ-um u=dus=re̋e̋d-a
torture-G.s this=method-N.s surely prisoner-A.s FUT=dis-=cheer-IND
  • 5. dőma - cause to lose the will
tu mőrem dőmu ke̋la. fési mı̋mu ma̋a̋ƣa:
You have to break a horse before you can ride.
t-u mőr-em dőm-u ke̋l-a fési mı̋m-u ma̋a̋ƣ-a
2s-N horse-A.s break-SUP must-IND before ride-SUP be.able-IND
  • 6. ðe̋ża - interrupt; destroy the continuity of; dissolve or terminate
na̋bo sa̋a̋mom e-ðe̋ża:
The explosion broke the silence.
na̋b-o sa̋a̋m-om e=ðe̋ż-a
explosion-N.s silence-A.s PST=break-IND
  • 7. lı̋ða - violate, not adhere to
ur-su ii-nús o su-k̬e̋tom e-lı̋ða:
He broke his promise to her.
ur=s-u ii=n-ús o su=k̬e̋t-om e=lı̋ð-a
M=3-N.s F=3-G.s to his=promise-A.s PST=break-IND
  • 8. m̃ine̋uda - stop, or to cause to stop, functioning properly or altogether
tu k̨őőrlom m̃ine̋udame:
Did you break the churn?
t-u k̨őőrl-om m̃i=ne̋ud-a=me
2s-N churn-A.s CONV=utilize-IND=Q
  • 9. pa̋xa - interrupt (a fall) by inserting something so that the falling object not hit something else beneath
nu tűngom úúda ı̋tom e-t̬ı̋ɫa. hi ne̋ri dűűsis su-főőlom e-pa̋xa:
He survived the jump out the window because the bushes below broke his fall.
n-u tűng-om úúda ı̋t-om e=t̬ı̋ɫ-a hi ne̋ri-Ø dűűs-is su=főől-om e=pa̋x-a
3-N.s window-A.s out.of jump-A.s PST=survive-IND because below-ABS bush-N.p his=fall-A.s PST=stop-IND


Intransitive

  • 1. őna - be overwhelmed with sorrow or grief
mu-sűð' őna:
My heart is breaking.
mu=sűð-' őn-a
my=heart-ELIS be.overwhelmed.with.grief-IND
  • 2. de̋usa - pass the most dangerous part of the illness
su-ðe̋ɫo vaiƣa̋s éna e-de̋usa:
His fever broke at dawn.
su=ðe̋ɫ-o vaiƣ-a̋s éna e=de̋us-a
his=fever-N.s dawn-G.s at PST=stop-IND
  • 3. vı̋ra - collapse into surf
mu k̨űdom éna vı̋ranto da̋lo' na̋ka:
I see waves breaking on the shore.
m-u k̨űd-om éna vı̋r-a-nto-Ø da̋l-o-' na̋k-a
1s-N shore-A.s on collapse-IND-AP-ABS wave-A.p-ELIS see-IND
  • 4. þűka - end of a storm or spell of weather
mu-ȝa tı̋ı̋þo i-la̋þo m̃u-taƣős fésa þuke̋ȝa-ı̋ṡa:
I hope this hot weather breaks before our trip.
m-u ȝa tı̋ı̋þo-Ø i=la̋þ-o m̃u=taƣ-ős fésa þuk-e̋ȝa ı̋ṡ-a
1s-N REL hot-ABS this=weather-N.s our=trip-G.s before finish-SBJ hope-IND
  • 5. żűka - interrupt or cease one's work or occupation temporarily
m̃ú żűke: pósu náánu tőde:
Let's (take a) break, then start again.
m̃-ú żűk-e pósu náánu tőd-e
1p-V pause-IMP then again begin-IMP
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