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| * ''See also'': [[Ilya/lexicon|Ilya dictionary]]
| | <div class="boilerplate metadata" id="inuse" style="background: #fcc; border: 1px solid #aaa; margin: 0 2.5%; padding: 0 10px"> |
| * ''See also'': [[Ilya/phrases|Ilya phrases]]
| | <font size="3">'''This project has been abandoned.'''</font><br /> |
| * ''See also'': [[Ilya/roots|Ilya roots]]
| | </div> |
| | | [[User:Masako|masako]] ([[User talk:Masako|talk]]) |
| == Phonology ==
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;"
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| |+ '''consonants'''
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| |-
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| <!-- Heading row -->
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| !
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| !Bilabial
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| !Alveolar
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| !Palatal
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| !Velar
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| !Labiovelar
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| !Glottal
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| |- align="center" <!-- Stops -->
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| ! Plosives
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| | {{IPA|p b}}
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| | {{IPA|t d}}
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| | {{IPA|k g}}
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| | {{IPA|ʔ}} ('''q''')
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| |- align="center"
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| ! Nasals
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| | {{IPA|m}}
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| | {{IPA|n}}
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| |- align="center"
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| ! Fricatives
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| | {{IPA|s}}
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| | {{IPA|ʃ}} ('''sh''')
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| |- align="center"
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| ! Approximants
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| | {{IPA|l}}
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| | {{IPA|j}} ('''y''')
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| | {{IPA|w}}
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| | {{IPA|h}}
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| |-
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| ! Trill
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| | align="center"|{{IPA|r}}
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| |}
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| <small>Note: The glottal stop /ʔ/ '''q''', is used as a "buffer" to keep vowels apart when adding suffixes.</small>
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |+vowels
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| !
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| !Front
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| !Central
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| !Back
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| |- style="text-align:center;"
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| !Close
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| |i~ɪ || || u~ʊ
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| |- style="text-align:center;"
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| !Mid
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| |e~ɛ || || o
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| |- style="text-align:center;"
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| !Open
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| | || a~ə ||
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| |}
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| Vowel length is productive and is marked by an [[WP:Acute_accent|acute]] accent. '''á é í ú'''
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| == Nouns ==
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| === Number ===
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| Ilya nouns can be singular, dual, or plural.
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| * '''kop-á''' - dog
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| ** '''kop-ik''' - (two) dogs
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| *** '''kop-im''' - dogs
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| === Gender ===
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| Ilya does not have grammatical gender. However, where desired, masculine individuals may be distinguished by the suffix XXX, and feminine ones by XXX :
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| * '''kop-á''' - dog
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| === Some ===
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| === Case ===
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| ==== nominative ====
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| The nominative case is the basic uninflected form of the noun.
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| ==== accusative ====
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| The accusative case marks the direct object of a verb. It has two written forms whose use depends on the final letter of the word it qualifies.
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| * '''-wa''' Added to words ending in '''b, h, k, l, m, n, r''', and '''sh'''.
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| * '''-o''' Added to words ending in '''d, g, p, q, s, t, w''', and '''y'''.
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| ==== genitive ====
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| The genitive case is used to show possession and is placed immediately after the first member of a genitive construction. It has two written forms whose use depends on the final letter of the word it qualifies.
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| * '''-ya''' Added to words ending in '''b, g, h, k, l, m, n''', and '''r'''.
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| * '''-ai''' Added to words ending in '''d, p, q, s, sh, t, w''', and '''y'''.
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| ==== dative ====
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| The dative for the beneficiary of an action, indirect object, or motion towards. Unlike other case endings, it has morphed to being a prefix and has only one form, used in all instances. The exception to this is the form used with pronouns, '''ib-'''.
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| * '''bi-'''
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| * '''daqeshan éyemwa bikopá.'''
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| : <small>give-PRF-1s food-ACC DAT-dog</small>
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| : ''I gave food to the dog.''
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| * '''ma (kayu) iban?'''
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| : <small>what (COP-3s) DAT-1s</small>
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| : ''What's for me?''
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| ==== locative ====
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| The locative case indicates the place or time at which something happens. Its meaning can be translated by the English prepositions 'to', 'at', 'on', 'in' etc. It has two written forms whose use depends on the final letter of the word it qualifies.
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| * '''-(é)da''' Added to words ending in '''b, l, m, n, p, r, s, sh, w''' and '''y'''. Often shortened to -'''éd''' after '''l, r, w''', and '''y'''.
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| * '''-úsh''' Added to words ending in '''d, g, h, k, q''' and '''t'''.
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| ==== ablative ====
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| The ablative case carries the meaning 'from' and shows separation away from an object. It is also used in comparisons and in this case translates as "than".
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| * '''-(é)sha'''
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| ==== comitative / instrumental ====
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| The instrumental/comitative case denotes accompaniment. It is translated as "with", "together with", "by", "with" or "through". An important use of the instrumental is as an adverbial, since '''Ilya''' lacks a morphological adverb. It has two written forms whose use depends on the final letter of the word it qualifies.
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| * '''-ha''' Added to words ending in '''b, l, m''', and '''r'''.
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| :: '''sarha''' - quickly (with quickness)
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| * '''-ak''' Added to words ending in all others.
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| :: '''betak''' - using; with the house
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| === Vocative ===
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| === Affect (diminutive and augmentative) ===
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| == Pronouns ==
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;"
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| !
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| ! ''singular''
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| ! ''plural''
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| |-align=center
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| ! 1
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| | '''-an'''
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| | '''-uk'''
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| |-align=center
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| ! 2
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| | '''-ti''' / '''-e'''
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| | '''-ut'''
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| |-align=center
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| ! 3
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| | '''-u''' / '''-a''' / '''il'''
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| | '''-um'''
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| |}
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| === Conjugation ===
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| There are two conjugations in '''Ilya''', easily identified by the final -'''ek''' or -'''rá''' in the infinitive. Sample conjugations are given below, as well as the forms for the irregular verb '''hará''' 'to be (permanent)'.
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
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| !
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| | '''''hará'''''<br>be
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| | '''''ashek'''''<br>want
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| | '''''gelek'''''<br>arrive
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| | '''''shabrá'''''<br>know
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| |-align=center
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| ! 1s
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| | '''han'''
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| | '''ashan'''
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| | '''gelan'''
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| | '''shaban'''
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| |-align=center
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| ! 2s
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| | '''hati'''
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| | '''ashti'''
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| | '''gele'''
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| | '''shabti'''
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| |-align=center
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| ! 3s
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| | '''ilha'''
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| | '''ashu'''
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| | '''gelu'''
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| | '''shabu'''
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| |-align=center
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| ! 1p
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| | '''haquk'''
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| | '''ashuk'''
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| | '''geluk'''
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| | '''shabuk'''
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| |-align=center
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| ! 2p
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| | '''haqut'''
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| | '''ashut'''
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| | '''geli'''
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| | '''shabut'''
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| |-align=center
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| ! 3p
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| | '''umha'''
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| | '''ashum'''
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| | '''gelum'''
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| | '''shabum'''
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| |}
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| === Demonstrative pronouns ===
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| === Case ===
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
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| |-
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| !
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| ! nominative
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| ! accusative
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| ! genitive
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| ! dative
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| |-
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| | '''1s''' || '''-an''' || '''eyan''' || '''nai''' || '''iban'''
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| |-
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| | '''2s''' || '''-ti''' / '''-e''' || '''eti''' / '''eye''' || '''tai''' || '''ibti'''
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| |-
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| | '''3s''' || '''-u''' / '''-a''' || '''eya''' || '''ai''' || '''ibu'''
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| |-
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| | '''1p''' || '''-uk''' || '''eyuk''' || '''kai''' || '''ibuk'''
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| |-
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| | '''2p''' || '''-ut''' / '''-í''' || '''eyut''' || '''wai''' || '''ibut'''
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| |-
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| | '''3p''' || '''-um''' || '''eyum''' || '''mai''' || '''imbu'''
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| |}
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| ==== direct object incorporation ====
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| Direct object pronouns are incorporated to the verb inflection. So, instead of '''eya rayeshan''' (I saw her), '''rayeshana''' is grammatical. The DO pronouns are not used when the object is specified. So, instead of '''kawal rayeshanu''' (I saw (it) the horse), '''kawal rayeshan''' is grammatical.
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
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| |-
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| ! verb
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| ! tense / aspect / mood
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| ! subject
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| ! object
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| |-
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| | '''ary''' || '''-esh''' || '''-an''' || '''-a'''
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| |-
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| | see || simple past || 1sg || 3sg.FEM
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| |-
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| | colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | ''I saw her.''
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| |}
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| == Prepositions ==
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| == Attributives ==
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| == Numbers ==
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| === Cardinal ===
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
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| |+
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| |-
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| ! Ilya
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| ! number
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| ! English
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| ! Ilya
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| ! number
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| ! English
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| ! Ilya
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| ! number
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| ! English
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| |-
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| | '''nul''' || 0 || zero || '''sha''' || 6 || six || '''kishada''' || 500 || five hundred
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| |-
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| | '''wa''' || 1 || one || '''seb''' || 7 || seven || '''hesha''' || 10<sup>3</sup> || (one) thousand
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| |-
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| | '''ni''' || 2 || two || '''oka''' || 8 || eight || '''-''' || 10<sup>4</sup> || ten thousand
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| | '''ush''' || 3 || three || '''nen''' || 9 || nine || '''-''' || 10<sup>5</sup> || (one) hundred thousand
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| |-
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| | '''ha''' || 4 || four || '''da''' || 10 || ten || '''-''' || 10<sup>6</sup> || (one) million
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| |-
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| | '''kish''' || 5 || five || '''sada''' || 100 || (one) hundred || '''-''' || 10<sup>9</sup> || (one) billion
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| |}
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| === Forming Larger Numbers ===
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| * '''dawa''' - eleven / 11
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| * '''nida''' - twenty / 20
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| * '''sadaseb''' - one hundred seven / 107
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| * '''ushadénidasha''' - three hundred twenty six / 326
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| * '''shaheshnidaha''' - six thousand and twenty four / 6024
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| === Other Number Forms ===
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;"
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| |+ | |
| |-
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| ! Kala
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| ! number
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| ! English
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| ! ordinal
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| ! multiple
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| ! fractional
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| |-
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| | '''wa''' || 1 || one || '''-'''<br>first || '''-'''<br>once || -
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| |-
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| | '''dani''' || 12 || twelve || '''-'''<br>twelfth || '''-'''<br>twelve times || '''-''<br>a twelfth
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| |-
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| | '''kishdaha''' || 54 || fifty four || '''-'''<br>fifty fourth || '''-'''<br>54 times || '''-'''<br>a fifty fourth
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| |-
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| | '''sadasha''' || 106 || one hundred (and) six || '''-'''<br>106<sup>th</sup> || '''-'''<br>106 times || '''-'''<br>a 106<sup>th</sup>
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| |-
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| | '''sebhesh''' || 7000 || seven thousand || '''-'''<br>seven thousandth || '''-'''<br>7000 times || '''-'''<br>1/7000
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| |}
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| === Ordinal ===
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| == Questions ==
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| === Affirmation & Negation ===
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| === Content Questions ===
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| === Answering ===
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| == Verbs ==
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| === The copulas ===
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| ==== hará ====
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| '''hará''' is used to talk about permanent or lasting attributes and is irregular. Descriptions are the essential qualities that define a person or thing and probably won’t change anytime soon. These descriptions can be names, physical descriptions, nationalities, and even religions.
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| * '''han Yano'''
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| : <small>COP.1s John</small> | |
| : ''I am John.''
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| An occupation is what someone does for a living or as a hobby. Basically, if you're talking about how someone makes money or fills their time, you'll use '''hará'''.
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| * '''umha shalinimwa'''
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| : <small>3p.COP study-AG-PL-ACC</small>
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| : ''They are students.''
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| Characteristics are personality descriptions of a person. This category is included to further demonstrate the point that '''hará''' is used to talk about descriptions.
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| * '''...'''
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| : <small>...</small>
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| : ''My husband is romantic and caring.''
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| Time can refer to days, dates, years, and the time on the clock.
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| * '''...'''
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| : <small>...</small>
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| : ''Today is Friday.''
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| The place a person or thing is from or the material something is made of can be considered an origin.
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| * '''...'''
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| : <small>...</small>
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| : ''Marcus is from France.''
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| Personal relationships, such as family ties, friendship, and romantic relationships, are also talked about using '''hará'''.
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| * '''...'''
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| : <small>...</small>
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| : ''Maria is my mother.''
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| ==== kayek ====
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| '''kayek''' is used to indicate temporary states and locations.
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| Position refers to the physical position or posture a person or thing is in.
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| * '''...'''
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| : <small>...</small>
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| : ''...''
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| The location of someone or something describes where it is permanently, temporarily, or conceptually.
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| * '''...'''
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| : <small>...</small>
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| : ''...''
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| Physical and mental conditions are described using '''kayek'''. Things that are likely to vary over several hours, days, or even years can be fall into this category.
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| * '''...'''
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| : <small>...</small>
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| : ''...''
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| === Tense ===
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| === Aspect ===
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| === Mood ===
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| === Other modifiers ===
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| == Syntax ==
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| === Negation ===
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| === Conjunction ===
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| === Reported Speech ===
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| === Subordinate clauses ===
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| === Relative clauses ===
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