|
|
| (17 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| * ''See also'': [[Ilya/lexicon|Ilya dictionary]]
| | <div class="boilerplate metadata" id="inuse" style="background: #fcc; border: 1px solid #aaa; margin: 0 2.5%; padding: 0 10px"> |
| * ''See also'': [[Ilya/phrases|Ilya phrases]]
| | <font size="3">'''This project has been abandoned.'''</font><br /> |
| * ''See also'': [[Ilya/roots|Ilya roots]]
| | </div> |
| | | [[User:Masako|masako]] ([[User talk:Masako|talk]]) |
| == Phonology == | |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;"
| |
| |+ '''consonants'''
| |
| |-
| |
| <!-- Heading row --> | |
| !
| |
| !Bilabial
| |
| !Alveolar
| |
| !Palatal
| |
| !Velar
| |
| !Labiovelar
| |
| !Glottal
| |
| |- align="center" <!-- Stops -->
| |
| ! Plosives
| |
| | {{IPA|p b}}
| |
| | {{IPA|t d}}
| |
| |
| |
| | {{IPA|k g}}
| |
| |
| |
| | {{IPA|ʔ}} ('''q''')
| |
| |- align="center"
| |
| ! Nasals
| |
| | {{IPA|m}}
| |
| | {{IPA|n}}
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |- align="center"
| |
| ! Fricatives
| |
| |
| |
| | {{IPA|s}}
| |
| | {{IPA|ʃ}} ('''sh''')
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |- align="center"
| |
| ! Approximants
| |
| |
| |
| | {{IPA|l}}
| |
| | {{IPA|j}} ('''y''')
| |
| |
| |
| | {{IPA|w}}
| |
| | {{IPA|h}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Trill
| |
| |
| |
| | align="center"|{{IPA|r}}
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| <small>Note: The glottal stop /ʔ/ '''q''', is used as a "buffer" to keep vowels apart when adding suffixes.</small> | |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |+vowels
| |
| !
| |
| !Front
| |
| !Central
| |
| !Back
| |
| |- style="text-align:center;"
| |
| !Close
| |
| |i~ɪ || || u~ʊ
| |
| |- style="text-align:center;"
| |
| !Mid
| |
| |e~ɛ || || o
| |
| |- style="text-align:center;"
| |
| !Open
| |
| | || a~ə ||
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Vowel length is productive and is marked by an [[WP:Acute_accent|acute]] accent. '''á é í ú'''
| |
| | |
| == Nouns ==
| |
| | |
| === Number ===
| |
| | |
| Ilya nouns can be singular, dual, or plural.
| |
| | |
| * '''kop-á''' - dog
| |
| ** '''kop-ik''' - (two) dogs
| |
| *** '''kop-im''' - dogs
| |
| | |
| === Gender ===
| |
| | |
| Ilya does not have grammatical gender. However, where desired, masculine individuals may be distinguished by the suffix XXX, and feminine ones by XXX :
| |
| | |
| * '''kop-á''' - dog
| |
| | |
| === Some ===
| |
| | |
| === Case ===
| |
| | |
| ==== nominative ====
| |
| | |
| The nominative case is the basic uninflected form of the noun.
| |
| | |
| ==== accusative ====
| |
| | |
| The accusative case marks the direct object of a verb. It has two written forms whose use depends on the final letter of the word it qualifies.
| |
| | |
| * '''-o''' Added to words ending in a consonant.
| |
| | |
| * '''-wa''' Added to words ending in vowels and diphthongs.
| |
| | |
| ==== genitive ====
| |
| | |
| The genitive case is used to show possession and is placed immediately after the first member of a genitive construction. It has two written forms whose use depends on the final letter of the word it qualifies.
| |
| | |
| * '''-ai''' Added to words ending in a consonant.
| |
| | |
| * '''-ya''' Added to words ending in vowels and diphthongs.
| |
| | |
| ==== dative ====
| |
| | |
| ==== locative ====
| |
| | |
| ==== ablative ====
| |
| | |
| The ablative case carries the meaning 'from' and shows separation away from an object. It is also used in comparisons and in this case translates as "than".
| |
| | |
| * '''-(é)sha'''
| |
| | |
| ==== comitative / instrumental ====
| |
| | |
| === Vocative ===
| |
| | |
| === Affect (diminutive and augmentative) ===
| |
| | |
| == Pronouns ==
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;"
| |
| !
| |
| ! ''singular''
| |
| ! ''plural''
| |
| |-align=center
| |
| ! 1
| |
| | '''-an'''
| |
| | '''-uk'''
| |
| |-align=center
| |
| ! 2
| |
| | '''-ti''' / '''-e'''
| |
| | '''-ut'''
| |
| |-align=center
| |
| ! 3
| |
| | '''-u''' / '''-a''' / '''il'''
| |
| | '''-um'''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === Demonstrative pronouns ===
| |
| | |
| === Case ===
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !
| |
| ! nominative
| |
| ! accusative
| |
| ! genitive
| |
| ! dative
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''1s''' || '''-an''' || '''eyan''' || '''nai''' || '''iban'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''2s''' || '''-ti''' / '''-e''' || '''eti''' / '''eye''' || '''tai''' || '''ibti'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''3s''' || '''-u''' / '''-a''' || '''eya''' || '''ai''' || '''ibu'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''1p''' || '''-uk''' || '''eyuk''' || '''kai''' || '''ibuk'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''2p''' || '''-ut''' / '''-í''' || '''eyut''' || '''wai''' || '''ibut'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''3p''' || '''-um''' || '''eyum''' || '''mai''' || '''imbu'''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ==== direct object incorporation ====
| |
| | |
| Direct object pronouns are incorporated to the verb inflection. So, instead of '''eya rayeshan''' (I saw her), '''rayeshana''' is grammatical. The DO pronouns are not used when the object is specified. So, instead of '''kawal rayeshanu''' (I saw (it) the horse), '''kawal rayeshan''' is grammatical.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! verb
| |
| ! tense / aspect / mood
| |
| ! subject
| |
| ! object
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''ary''' || '''-esh''' || '''-an''' || '''-a'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | see || simple past || 1sg || 3sg.FEM
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | ''I saw her.''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| == Prepositions ==
| |
| | |
| == Attributives ==
| |
| | |
| == Numbers ==
| |
| | |
| === Cardinal ===
| |
| | |
| === Ordinal ===
| |
| | |
| == Questions ==
| |
| | |
| === Affirmation & Negation ===
| |
| | |
| === Content Questions ===
| |
| | |
| === Answering ===
| |
| | |
| == Verbs ==
| |
| | |
| === Tense ===
| |
| | |
| === Aspect ===
| |
| | |
| === Mood ===
| |
| | |
| === Other modifiers ===
| |
| | |
| == Syntax ==
| |
| | |
| === Negation ===
| |
| | |
| === Conjunction ===
| |
| | |
| === Reported Speech ===
| |
| | |
| === Subordinate clauses ===
| |
| | |
| === Relative clauses ===
| |
