|
|
| (34 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| * ''See also'': [[Ilya/lexicon|Ilya dictionary]]
| | <div class="boilerplate metadata" id="inuse" style="background: #fcc; border: 1px solid #aaa; margin: 0 2.5%; padding: 0 10px"> |
| * ''See also'': [[Ilya/phrases|Ilya phrases]]
| | <font size="3">'''This project has been abandoned.'''</font><br /> |
| | | </div> |
| = introduction =
| | [[User:Masako|masako]] ([[User talk:Masako|talk]]) |
| | |
| Ilya is an [[WP:Artistic_language|artlang]] designed for aesthetic reasons. It borrows heavily (if not exclusively) from [[wiktionary:Category:Arabic_language|Arabic]], [[wiktionary:Category:Basque_language|Basque]], [[wiktionary:Category:Japanese_language|Japanese]], [[wiktionary:Category:Quechua_language|Quechua]], [[wiktionary:Category:Spanish_language|Spanish]], and [[wiktionary:Category:Turkish_language|Turkish]].
| |
| | |
| = sounds =
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;"
| |
| |+ '''consonants'''
| |
| |-
| |
| <!-- Heading row -->
| |
| !
| |
| !Bilabial
| |
| !Alveolar
| |
| !Palatal
| |
| !Velar
| |
| !Labiovelar
| |
| !Glottal
| |
| |- align="center" <!-- Stops -->
| |
| ! Plosives
| |
| | {{IPA|p b}}
| |
| | {{IPA|t d}}
| |
| |
| |
| | {{IPA|k g}}
| |
| |
| |
| | {{IPA|ʔ}} ('''q''')
| |
| |- align="center"
| |
| ! Nasals
| |
| | {{IPA|m}}
| |
| | {{IPA|n}}
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |- align="center"
| |
| ! Fricatives
| |
| |
| |
| | {{IPA|s}}
| |
| | {{IPA|ʃ}} ('''sh''')
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |- align="center"
| |
| ! Approximants
| |
| |
| |
| | {{IPA|l}}
| |
| | {{IPA|j}} ('''y''')
| |
| |
| |
| | {{IPA|w}}
| |
| | {{IPA|h}}
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Trill
| |
| |
| |
| | align="center"|{{IPA|r}}
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| <small>Note: The glottal stop /ʔ/ '''q''', is used as a "buffer" to keep vowels apart when adding suffixes.</small> | |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| |+vowels
| |
| !
| |
| !Front
| |
| !Central
| |
| !Back
| |
| |- style="text-align:center;"
| |
| !Close
| |
| |i~ɪ || || rowspan="2" | u~ʊ
| |
| |- style="text-align:center;"
| |
| !Mid
| |
| |e~ɛ ||
| |
| |- style="text-align:center;"
| |
| !Open
| |
| | || a~ə ||
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| = nouns =
| |
| | |
| == number ==
| |
| | |
| Nouns are commonly preceded by determiners. Plural nouns are formed by appending -'''im'''. Dual nouns are formed by appending -'''ik'''.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !
| |
| ! ''singular'' [sg]
| |
| ! ''dual'' [du]
| |
| ! ''plural'' [pl]
| |
| |-
| |
| | "house" || '''beta''' || '''betim''' || '''betik'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | "dog" || '''kupu''' || '''kupim''' || '''kupik'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | "lie" || '''ulya''' || '''ulyim''' || '''ulyik'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | "ten" || '''da''' || '''daqim''' || '''daqik'''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| == gender ==
| |
| | |
| Gender is typically not indicated. If necessary, nouns may be prefixed with '''mu(l)'''- (''male'') or '''she(n)'''- (''female''):
| |
| | |
| * '''mukawal / shekawal''' — a stallion / a mare
| |
| | |
| A few terms for family members and traditional roles do show distinctions of gender. For example:
| |
| | |
| * '''ena / aba''' — mother / father
| |
| * '''sema / neska''' — son / daughter
| |
| | |
| == case ==
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 600px;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !
| |
| ! ''nominative''
| |
| ! ''accusative''
| |
| ! ''genitive''
| |
| ! ''dative''
| |
| ! ''locative''
| |
| ! ''ablative''
| |
| ! ''comitative''
| |
| |-
| |
| | "house" || '''beta''' || '''betwa''' || '''betai''' || '''beten''' || '''betush''' || '''betiga''' || '''betak'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | "water" || '''ura''' || '''uri''' || '''urya''' || '''urne''' || '''urda''' || '''uraga''' || '''urha'''
| |
| | |
| |}
| |
| | |
| | |
| nominative: The basic form of each noun, and the one cited in dictionaries, is the nominative singular. All the other forms can be derived from it.
| |
| | |
| accusative:
| |
| * -'''i''' / -'''wa'''
| |
| : '''beto''' - the house, to the house, etc.
| |
| | |
| The genitive for possessors, composition, and partiality.
| |
| | |
| * -'''ai''' / -'''ya'''
| |
| | |
| : '''tibin kawalya''' - the horse's hay
| |
| : '''gohan tibinai''' - a meal of hay
| |
| : '''kawal tibinai yemeshu''' - the horse ate some hay
| |
| | |
| locative:
| |
| The locative case is used for:
| |
| | |
| * -'''(u)sh''' / -'''da'''
| |
| | |
| : ''location''
| |
| :: '''-''' - in the ocean
| |
| :: '''tushda''' - in the city
| |
| :: '''betush''' - in, at, on the house
| |
| : ''placement in time''
| |
| :: '''geshada''' - at night
| |
| :: '''puyush''' - in the winter
| |
| | |
| instrumental:
| |
| The instrumental/comitative expresses what an action is performed with. An important use of the instrumental is as an adverbial, since '''Ilya''' lacks a morphological adverb.
| |
| | |
| * -'''ak''' / -'''ha'''
| |
| : '''betak''' - using; with the house
| |
| : '''sarha''' - quickly (with quickness)
| |
| | |
| = pronouns = | |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;"
| |
| !
| |
| ! ''singular''
| |
| ! ''plural''
| |
| |-align=center
| |
| ! 1
| |
| | '''-an'''
| |
| | '''-uk'''
| |
| |-align=center
| |
| ! 2
| |
| | '''-ti''' / '''-e'''
| |
| | '''-ut'''
| |
| |-align=center
| |
| ! 3
| |
| | '''-u''' / '''-a''' / '''il'''
| |
| | '''-um'''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| == case ==
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;"
| |
| |-
| |
| !
| |
| ! nominative
| |
| ! accusative
| |
| ! genitive
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''1s''' || '''-an''' || '''eyan''' || '''nai'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''2s''' || '''-ti''' / '''-e''' || '''eti''' / '''eye''' || '''tiya'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''3s''' || '''-u''' / '''-a''' || '''eya''' || '''ai'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''1p''' || '''-uk''' || '''eyuk''' || '''kai'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''2p''' || '''-ut''' || '''eyut''' || '''tai'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''3p''' || '''-um''' || '''eyum''' || '''mai'''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === direct object incorporation ===
| |
| | |
| Direct object pronouns are incorporated to the verb inflection. So, instead of '''eya rayeshan''' (I saw her), '''rayeshana''' is grammatical. The DO pronouns are not used when the object is specified. So, instead of '''kawal rayeshanu''' (I saw (it) the horse), '''kawal rayeshan''' is grammatical.
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
| |
| |-
| |
| ! verb
| |
| ! tense / aspect / mood
| |
| ! subject
| |
| ! object
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''ray''' || '''-esh''' || '''-an''' || '''-a'''
| |
| |-
| |
| | see || simple past || 1sg || 3sg.FEM
| |
| |-
| |
| | colspan="4" style="text-align: center;" | ''I saw her.''
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| == demonstrative ==
| |
| | |
| = prepositions =
| |
| | |
| = adjectives =
| |
| | |
| == comparison ==
| |
| | |
| = numbers =
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
| |
| |+
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Ilya
| |
| ! number
| |
| ! English
| |
| ! Ilya
| |
| ! number
| |
| ! English
| |
| ! Ilya
| |
| ! number
| |
| ! English
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''nul''' || 0 || zero || '''sha''' || 6 || six || '''kishada''' || 500 || five hundred
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''wa''' || 1 || one || '''seb''' || 7 || seven || '''hesha''' || 10<sup>3</sup> || (one) thousand
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''ni''' || 2 || two || '''oka''' || 8 || eight || '''dahesh''' || 10<sup>4</sup> || ten thousand
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''ush''' || 3 || three || '''nen''' || 9 || nine || '''sadahesh''' || 10<sup>5</sup> || (one) hundred thousand
| |
| |- | |
| | '''ha''' || 4 || four || '''da''' || 10 || ten || ''' ''' || ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | '''kish''' || 5 || five || '''sada''' || 100 || (one) hundred || ''' ''' || ||
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| == ordinal ==
| |
| | |
| = questions =
| |
| | |
| = verbs =
| |
| | |
| Verbs are the workhorses of '''Ilya'''. They can mark for both agent and patient as well as tense. Many simple sentences are composed of only a verb. Generally, verb roots start and end with a consonant.
| |
| | |
| == tense ==
| |
| | |
| Non-past is not marked. Past tense is marked with '''-esh''', and remote with '''-ur'''.
| |
| | |
| * '''mashan''' - <small>walk-1SG</small> - I walk. / I am walking.
| |
| | |
| * '''masheshuk''' - <small>walk-PST-1PL</small> - We walked.
| |
| | |
| * '''mashuru''' - <small>walk-REM-3SG</small> - She (has already) walked.
| |
| | |
| == aspect ==
| |
| | |
| == mood ==
| |
| | |
| == special verbs ==
| |
| | |
| = syntax =
| |
| | |
| [[Category:Conlangs]] | |
