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User:Masako/nkala: Difference between revisions

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{| class="wikitable" style="width: 600px;"
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 600px;"
|+the 136 basic Kala syllables
|+
|-
|-
!  
!  
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! o
! o
! u
! u
! ua
! ue
! ya
! ye
! yo
! ai
! ao
! uai
! yao
|-
|-
! p
! p
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| align="center"|''(m)po''
| align="center"|''(m)po''
| align="center"|''(m)pu''
| align="center"|''(m)pu''
| align="center"|''pua''
| align="center"|''pue''
| align="center"|''pya''
| align="center"|''pye''
| align="center"|''pyo''
| align="center"|<font color="red">''pai''</font>
| align="center"|<font color="red">''pao''</font>
| align="center"|<font color="red">''puai''</font>
| align="center"|<font color="red">''pyao''</font>
|-
|-
! t
! t
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| align="center"|''(n)ti''
| align="center"|''(n)ti''
| align="center"|''(n)to''
| align="center"|''(n)to''
| align="center"|'' ''
| align="center"|'' ''
| align="center"|'' ''
| align="center"|'' ''
| align="center"|'' ''
| align="center"|'' ''
| align="center"|<font color="red">''tai''</font>
| align="center"|<font color="red">''tao''</font>
| align="center"|'' ''
| align="center"|'' ''
| align="center"|'' ''
|-
|-
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| align="center"|''(n)ko''
| align="center"|''(n)ko''
| align="center"|''(n)ku''
| align="center"|''(n)ku''
| align="center"|''kua''
| align="center"|''kue''
| align="center"|''kya''
| align="center"|''kye''
| align="center"|''kyo''
| align="center"|<font color="red">''kai''</font>
| align="center"|<font color="red">''kao''</font>
| align="center"|<font color="red">''kuai''</font>
| align="center"|<font color="red">''kyao''</font>
|-
|-
! m
! m
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| align="center"|''mo''
| align="center"|''mo''
| align="center"|''mu''
| align="center"|''mu''
| align="center"|''mua''
| align="center"|''mue''
| align="center"|''mya''
| align="center"|''mye''
| align="center"|''myo''
| align="center"|<font color="red">''mai''</font>
| align="center"|<font color="red">''mao''</font>
| align="center"|<font color="red">''muai''</font>
| align="center"|<font color="red">''myao''</font>
|-
|-
! n
! n
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| align="center"|''no''
| align="center"|''no''
| align="center"|''nu''
| align="center"|''nu''
| align="center"|''nua''
| align="center"|''nue''
| align="center"|''nya''
| align="center"|''nye''
| align="center"|''nyo''
| align="center"|<font color="red">''nai''</font>
| align="center"|<font color="red">''nao''</font>
| align="center"|<font color="red">''nuai''</font>
| align="center"|<font color="red">''nyao''</font>
|-
|-
! s
! s (ts)
| align="center"|''sa''
| align="center"|''sa''
| align="center"|''se''
| align="center"|''se''
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| align="center"|''so''
| align="center"|''so''
| align="center"|''su''
| align="center"|''su''
| align="center"|''sua''
| align="center"|''sue''
| align="center"|'' ''
| align="center"|'' ''
| align="center"|'' ''
| align="center"|<font color="red">''sai''</font>
| align="center"|<font color="red">''sao''</font>
| align="center"|<font color="red">''suai''</font>
| align="center"|'' ''
|-
|-
! h
! l (tl)
| align="center"|''ha''
| align="center"|''he''
| align="center"|''hi''
| align="center"|''ho''
| align="center"|''hu''
| align="center"|''hua''
| align="center"|''hue''
| align="center"|''hya''
| align="center"|''hye''
| align="center"|''hyo''
| align="center"|<font color="red">''hai''</font>
| align="center"|<font color="red">''hao''</font>
| align="center"|<font color="red">''huai''</font>
| align="center"|<font color="red">''hyao''</font>
|-
! ts
| align="center"|''tsa''
| align="center"|''tse''
| align="center"|''tsi''
| align="center"|''tso''
| align="center"|''tsu''
| align="center"|''tsua''
| align="center"|''tsue''
| align="center"|'' ''
| align="center"|'' ''
| align="center"|'' ''
| align="center"|<font color="red">''tsai''</font>
| align="center"|<font color="red">''tsao''</font>
| align="center"|<font color="red">''tsuai''</font>
| align="center"|'' ''
|-
! tl
| align="center"|''tla''
| align="center"|''tle''
| align="center"|''tli''
| align="center"|''tlo''
| align="center"|'' ''
| align="center"|'' ''
| align="center"|'' ''
| align="center"|'' ''
| align="center"|'' ''
| align="center"|'' ''
| align="center"|<font color="red">''tlai''</font>
| align="center"|<font color="red">''tlao''</font>
| align="center"|'' ''
| align="center"|'' ''
|-
! l
| align="center"|''la''
| align="center"|''la''
| align="center"|''le''
| align="center"|''le''
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| align="center"|''lo''
| align="center"|''lo''
| align="center"|'' ''
| align="center"|'' ''
|-
! w
| align="center"|''wa''
| align="center"|''we''
| align="center"|''wi''
| align="center"|'' ''
| align="center"|'' ''
| align="center"|'' ''
| align="center"|'' ''
|-
! y
| align="center"|''ya''
| align="center"|''ye''
| align="center"|'' ''
| align="center"|'' ''
| align="center"|'' ''
| align="center"|''yo''
| align="center"|'' ''
| align="center"|<font color="red">''lai''</font>
| align="center"|<font color="red">''lao''</font>
| align="center"|'' ''
| align="center"|'' ''
| align="center"|'' ''
|-
|-
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| align="center"|''o''
| align="center"|''o''
| align="center"|''u''
| align="center"|''u''
| align="center"|''ua''
| align="center"|''ue''
| align="center"|''ya''
| align="center"|''ye''
| align="center"|''yo''
| align="center"|<font color="red">''ai''</font>
| align="center"|<font color="red">''ao''</font>
| align="center"|<font color="red">''uai''</font>
| align="center"|<font color="red">''yao''</font>
|}
|}


Revision as of 08:00, 14 October 2016

sounds

consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive p t k (ʔ)
Affricate ts~tʃ
Fricative s~ʃ
Nasal m n
Approximant l (t͡ɬ) j w

vowels

Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a

syllables

a e i o u
p (m)pa (m)pe (m)pi (m)po (m)pu
t (n)ta (n)te (n)ti (n)to
k (n)ka (n)ke (n)ki (n)ko (n)ku
m ma me mi mo mu
n na ne ni no nu
s (ts) sa se si so su
l (tl) la le li lo
w wa we wi
y ya ye yo
- a e i o u

nouns

Nouns can be marked for gender, number, size, and in several other ways.

  • ka- - plural; several [PL]
- - PL-dog-NOM - dogs


pronouns

singular plural
1 wa- kwa-
2 ni- ki- / nki-
3 o- ku-
  • The reflexive is marked by - -.
- - - They speak to each other.
- - - She did not see herself.
  • The accusative/passive is marked by -.
- - - I am seen.
- - - You (two) were not spoken to.

verbs

  • Pronominal prefix - VERB STEM - tense/aspect-modal

tenses

There are two tenses...nonpast, past.

  • -a - non-past [NPST]
wayema - wa-yem-a - 1S-eat-NPST - I eat.
  • -e - past [PST]
niyeme - ni-yem-e - 2S-eat-PST - You ate.

other modifiers

Various moods (or modals), aspects, and syntactic markers are used to add nuance and subtlety.

  • -ak- - obligation [OBG]
wasapaká - wa-sap-ak-á - 1SG-go-OBG-NPST - I should go.
ninapakí - ni-nap-ak-í - 2SG-listen-OBG-PST - You should have listened.
  • -ank- - negative [NEG]
pumatankí - pu-mat-ank-í - 3PL.OBJ-kill-NEG-PST - They were not killed.
nwanapanká - nwa-nap-ank-á - 1SG.OBJ-hear-NEG-NPST - I am not heard. | She/he doesn't hear/listen to me.
  • -áts- - ability [ABIL]
yimátsá - yim-ás-á - eat-ABIL-NPST - She/he is able to eat.

lexicon

These are listed by stem, and do not distinguish nominal and verbal meanings or usages.

  • kál - say; tongue; voice; language; talk
kalã (nkalu) - language; dialect
  • mat - cut; kill; knife
  • yim - eat; nourish; bread
yimã - food; sustenance

examples

speak

  • kál - speak
wakálá - wa-kál-á - 1SG-speak-NPST - I speak.
nikálí - ni-kál-í - 2SG-speak-PST - You spoke.
kunyákálá - ku-nyá-kál-á - 3PL-REFL-speak-NPST - They speak to each other.

break

  • tak - break
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