|
|
| (4 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| = Syllable Chart =
| |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable" style="width: 600px;"
| |
| |+the 136 basic Kala syllables
| |
| |-
| |
| !
| |
| ! a
| |
| ! e
| |
| ! i
| |
| ! o
| |
| ! u
| |
| ! ua
| |
| ! ue
| |
| ! ya
| |
| ! ye
| |
| ! yo
| |
| ! ai
| |
| ! ao
| |
| ! uai
| |
| ! yao
| |
| |-
| |
| ! p
| |
| | align="center"|''(m)pa''
| |
| | align="center"|''(m)pe''
| |
| | align="center"|''(m)pi''
| |
| | align="center"|''(m)po''
| |
| | align="center"|''(m)pu''
| |
| | align="center"|''pua''
| |
| | align="center"|''pue''
| |
| | align="center"|''pya''
| |
| | align="center"|''pye''
| |
| | align="center"|''pyo''
| |
| | align="center"|<font color="red">''pai''</font>
| |
| | align="center"|<font color="red">''pao''</font>
| |
| | align="center"|<font color="red">''puai''</font>
| |
| | align="center"|<font color="red">''pyao''</font>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! t
| |
| | align="center"|''(n)ta''
| |
| | align="center"|''(n)te''
| |
| | align="center"|''(n)ti''
| |
| | align="center"|''(n)to''
| |
| | align="center"|'' ''
| |
| | align="center"|'' ''
| |
| | align="center"|'' ''
| |
| | align="center"|'' ''
| |
| | align="center"|'' ''
| |
| | align="center"|'' ''
| |
| | align="center"|<font color="red">''tai''</font>
| |
| | align="center"|<font color="red">''tao''</font>
| |
| | align="center"|'' ''
| |
| | align="center"|'' ''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! k
| |
| | align="center"|''(n)ka''
| |
| | align="center"|''(n)ke''
| |
| | align="center"|''(n)ki''
| |
| | align="center"|''(n)ko''
| |
| | align="center"|''(n)ku''
| |
| | align="center"|''kua''
| |
| | align="center"|''kue''
| |
| | align="center"|''kya''
| |
| | align="center"|''kye''
| |
| | align="center"|''kyo''
| |
| | align="center"|<font color="red">''kai''</font>
| |
| | align="center"|<font color="red">''kao''</font>
| |
| | align="center"|<font color="red">''kuai''</font>
| |
| | align="center"|<font color="red">''kyao''</font>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! m
| |
| | align="center"|''ma''
| |
| | align="center"|''me''
| |
| | align="center"|''mi''
| |
| | align="center"|''mo''
| |
| | align="center"|''mu''
| |
| | align="center"|''mua''
| |
| | align="center"|''mue''
| |
| | align="center"|''mya''
| |
| | align="center"|''mye''
| |
| | align="center"|''myo''
| |
| | align="center"|<font color="red">''mai''</font>
| |
| | align="center"|<font color="red">''mao''</font>
| |
| | align="center"|<font color="red">''muai''</font>
| |
| | align="center"|<font color="red">''myao''</font>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! n
| |
| | align="center"|''na''
| |
| | align="center"|''ne''
| |
| | align="center"|''ni''
| |
| | align="center"|''no''
| |
| | align="center"|''nu''
| |
| | align="center"|''nua''
| |
| | align="center"|''nue''
| |
| | align="center"|''nya''
| |
| | align="center"|''nye''
| |
| | align="center"|''nyo''
| |
| | align="center"|<font color="red">''nai''</font>
| |
| | align="center"|<font color="red">''nao''</font>
| |
| | align="center"|<font color="red">''nuai''</font>
| |
| | align="center"|<font color="red">''nyao''</font>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! s
| |
| | align="center"|''sa''
| |
| | align="center"|''se''
| |
| | align="center"|''si''
| |
| | align="center"|''so''
| |
| | align="center"|''su''
| |
| | align="center"|''sua''
| |
| | align="center"|''sue''
| |
| | align="center"|'' ''
| |
| | align="center"|'' ''
| |
| | align="center"|'' ''
| |
| | align="center"|<font color="red">''sai''</font>
| |
| | align="center"|<font color="red">''sao''</font>
| |
| | align="center"|<font color="red">''suai''</font>
| |
| | align="center"|'' ''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! h
| |
| | align="center"|''ha''
| |
| | align="center"|''he''
| |
| | align="center"|''hi''
| |
| | align="center"|''ho''
| |
| | align="center"|''hu''
| |
| | align="center"|''hua''
| |
| | align="center"|''hue''
| |
| | align="center"|''hya''
| |
| | align="center"|''hye''
| |
| | align="center"|''hyo''
| |
| | align="center"|<font color="red">''hai''</font>
| |
| | align="center"|<font color="red">''hao''</font>
| |
| | align="center"|<font color="red">''huai''</font>
| |
| | align="center"|<font color="red">''hyao''</font>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! ts
| |
| | align="center"|''tsa''
| |
| | align="center"|''tse''
| |
| | align="center"|''tsi''
| |
| | align="center"|''tso''
| |
| | align="center"|''tsu''
| |
| | align="center"|''tsua''
| |
| | align="center"|''tsue''
| |
| | align="center"|'' ''
| |
| | align="center"|'' ''
| |
| | align="center"|'' ''
| |
| | align="center"|<font color="red">''tsai''</font>
| |
| | align="center"|<font color="red">''tsao''</font>
| |
| | align="center"|<font color="red">''tsuai''</font>
| |
| | align="center"|'' ''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! tl
| |
| | align="center"|''tla''
| |
| | align="center"|''tle''
| |
| | align="center"|''tli''
| |
| | align="center"|''tlo''
| |
| | align="center"|'' ''
| |
| | align="center"|'' ''
| |
| | align="center"|'' ''
| |
| | align="center"|'' ''
| |
| | align="center"|'' ''
| |
| | align="center"|'' ''
| |
| | align="center"|<font color="red">''tlai''</font>
| |
| | align="center"|<font color="red">''tlao''</font>
| |
| | align="center"|'' ''
| |
| | align="center"|'' ''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! l
| |
| | align="center"|''la''
| |
| | align="center"|''le''
| |
| | align="center"|''li''
| |
| | align="center"|''lo''
| |
| | align="center"|'' ''
| |
| | align="center"|'' ''
| |
| | align="center"|'' ''
| |
| | align="center"|'' ''
| |
| | align="center"|'' ''
| |
| | align="center"|'' ''
| |
| | align="center"|<font color="red">''lai''</font>
| |
| | align="center"|<font color="red">''lao''</font>
| |
| | align="center"|'' ''
| |
| | align="center"|'' ''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! -
| |
| | align="center"|''a''
| |
| | align="center"|''e''
| |
| | align="center"|''i''
| |
| | align="center"|''o''
| |
| | align="center"|''u''
| |
| | align="center"|''ua''
| |
| | align="center"|''ue''
| |
| | align="center"|''ya''
| |
| | align="center"|''ye''
| |
| | align="center"|''yo''
| |
| | align="center"|<font color="red">''ai''</font>
| |
| | align="center"|<font color="red">''ao''</font>
| |
| | align="center"|<font color="red">''uai''</font>
| |
| | align="center"|<font color="red">''yao''</font>
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| Syllables such as '''nsa''', '''ntla''', or '''ntsa''' can occur but usually only in place names or loanwords. The red syllables above occur infrequently and most often as the final syllable of a word.
| |
|
| |
| = Personal Pronouns =
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 500px;"
| |
| |+ nkalo
| |
| |-
| |
| !
| |
| ! Agent
| |
| ! Patient
| |
| ! Reflexive
| |
| ! Possessive
| |
| ! Reciprocal
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 1sg
| |
| | '''na''' || '''ena''' || '''na'i''' || '''nayo''' ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2sg
| |
| | '''ta''' || '''eta''' || '''ta'i''' || '''tayo''' ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 3sg
| |
| | '''ha''' || '''eha''' || '''ha'i''' || '''hayo''' ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 4sg
| |
| | '''tla''' || '''etla''' || '''tla'i''' || '''tlayo''' ||
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 1pl<br>1pl exclusive
| |
| | '''nam'''<br>'''na'am''' || '''enam'''<br>'''ena'am''' || '''nami'''<br>'''na'ami''' || '''namyo'''<br>'''na'amyo''' || '''nanku'''<br>'''na'anku'''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 2pl
| |
| | '''tam''' || '''etam''' || '''tami''' || '''tamyo''' || '''tanku'''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 3pl
| |
| | '''kam''' || '''ekam''' || '''kami''' || '''kamyo''' || '''kanku'''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! 4pl
| |
| | '''tlam''' || '''etlam''' || '''tlami''' || '''tlamyo''' || '''tlanku'''
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| = Correlative Pronouns =
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
| |
| |+ uatse
| |
| |-
| |
| !
| |
| ! Proximal<br>'''i-'''
| |
| ! Medial<br>'''ua-'''
| |
| ! Distal<br>'''ye-'''
| |
| ! Inclusive<br>'''-kua'''
| |
| ! Negative<br>'''-k'''
| |
| ! Indefinite<br>'''-la'''
| |
| |-
| |
| ! mo<br>''place''
| |
| | '''hina'''<br>here || '''uana'''<br>there || '''yemua'''<br>over there || '''mokua'''<br>everywhere || '''mok'''<br>nowhere || '''mola'''<br>somewhere; anywhere
| |
| |-
| |
| ! ko<br>''person''
| |
| | '''iko'''<br>this person || '''uako'''<br>that person || '''yeko'''<br>that person<br>(over there) || '''tlokua'''<br>everyone || '''tlok'''<br>no one || '''kola'''<br>someone; anyone
| |
| |-
| |
| ! uku<br>''amount''
| |
| | '''iku'''<br>this much || '''uaku'''<br>that much || '''-''' || '''kua'''<br>all; every|| '''ok'''<br>none || '''ula'''<br>some; any
| |
| |-
| |
| ! ama<br>''time''
| |
| | '''ima'''<br>now, at present || '''uama'''<br>then; at that time || '''-''' || '''kuama'''<br>always || '''amak'''<br>never || '''tlama'''<br>sometime; anytime
| |
| |-
| |
| ! so<br>''kind, type''
| |
| | '''iso'''<br>this kind || '''so'o'''<br>that kind || '''yeso'''<br>that kind<br>(over there) || '''sokua'''<br>all kinds || '''sok'''<br>no kind (at all) || '''sola'''<br>some/any kind
| |
| |-
| |
| ! no<br>''thing''
| |
| | '''itla'''<br>this || '''uatla'''<br>that || '''yetla'''<br>that<br>(over there) || '''nokua'''<br>everything || '''nok'''<br>nothing; none || '''nola'''<br>something; anything
| |
| |-
| |
| ! to<br>''manner, way''
| |
| | '''yoto'''<br>thus; like this; this way|| '''uato'''<br>that way || '''ato'''<br>that way<br>(over there) || '''tokua'''<br>every way || '''tok'''<br>no way || '''tola'''<br>somehow; anyway
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| = Family =
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
| |
| |+ tlika
| |
| |-
| |
| !
| |
| ! nata (nta)
| |
| ! tlaka (ta)
| |
| ! naka (na)
| |
| |-
| |
| !
| |
| | '''nata'''<br>relative || '''tlaka'''<br>man; male || '''naka'''<br>woman; female
| |
| |-
| |
| ! hya-
| |
| | '''hyanta'''<br>grandparent|| '''hyata'''<br>grandfather || '''hyana'''<br>grandmother
| |
| |-
| |
| ! o-
| |
| | '''onta'''<br>parent || '''ota'''<br>father || '''ona'''<br>mother
| |
| |-
| |
| ! ue-
| |
| | '''uenta'''<br>parent's sibling || '''ueta'''<br>uncle || '''uena'''<br>aunt
| |
| |-
| |
| ! -ku
| |
| | '''ntaku'''<br>sibling || '''taku'''<br>brother || '''naku'''<br>sister
| |
| |-
| |
| ! -hi
| |
| | '''ntahi'''<br>child || '''tahi'''<br>son; boy || '''nahi'''<br>daughter; girl
| |
| |-
| |
| ! -hya
| |
| | '''ntahya'''<br>grandchild || '''tahya'''<br>grandson || '''nahya'''<br>granddaughter
| |
| |-
| |
| ! -ue
| |
| | '''ntaue'''<br>cousin || '''taue'''<br>male cousin || '''naue'''<br>female cousin
| |
| |-
| |
| ! -hue
| |
| | '''ntahue'''<br>nibling || '''tahue'''<br>nephew || '''nahue'''<br>niece
| |
| |}
| |
|
| |
| = semye =
| |
|
| |
| Glossing abbreviations.
| |
|
| |
| * [[wp:Grammatical_persoon|person]] - 1, 2, 3, 4
| |
| * [[wp:Agent_(grammar)|agent]] - AG
| |
| * [[wp:Genitive_case|genitive]] - GEN
| |
| * [[wp:Locative_case|locative]] - LOC
| |
