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| = sounds = | | = sounds = |
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| == consonants ==
| | * '''q''' (ʔ) |
| | | * '''sh''' (ʃ) |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
| | * '''y''' (j) |
| |+
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| !
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| ! Labial
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| ! Alveolar
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| ! Palatal
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| ! Velar
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| ! Glottal
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| |-
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| ! Plosive
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| | p
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| | t
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| | k
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| | (ʔ)
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| |-
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| ! Affricate
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| | ts~tʃ
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| |-
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| ! Fricative
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| | s~ʃ
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| |-
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| ! Nasal
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| | m
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| | n
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| |-
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| ! Approximant
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| | l (t͡ɬ)
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| | j
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| | w
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| |}
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| == vowels ==
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| {|class="wikitable"
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| |+
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| !rowspan=2 |
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| ! colspan=2 | Short
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| ! colspan=2 | Long
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| |-
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| ! Front vowel|Front
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| ! Back vowel|Back
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| ! Front
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| ! Back
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| |- align=center
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| !Close vowel|Close
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| |i
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| |u
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| |iː
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| |uː
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| |- align=center
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| ! Open vowel|Open
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| | colspan=2 | ɑ ~ ə
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| | colspan=2 | aː
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| |}
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| = nouns = | | = nouns = |
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| Nouns can be marked for gender, number, size, and in several other ways.
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| * '''ka-''' - plural; several [PL]
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| :: '''kayul''' - <tt>ka-yul</tt> - <small>PL-dog</small> - ''dogs''
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| == pronouns == | | == pronouns == |
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px;"
| | == number == |
| !
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| ! subject
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| ! object
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| |-align=center
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| ! 1sg
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| | '''wa'''-
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| | '''nwa'''-
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| |-align=center
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| ! 2sg
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| | '''ni'''-
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| | '''nyi'''-
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| |-align=center
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| ! 3sg
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| | '''-'''
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| | '''nku'''-
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| |-align=center
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| ! 1pl
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| | '''kwa'''-
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| | '''pwa'''-
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| |-align=center
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| ! 2pl
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| | '''ki'''-
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| | '''(m)pi'''-
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| |-align=center
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| ! 3pl
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| | '''ku'''
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| | '''pu'''-
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| |}
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| * The reflexive is marked by '''-nyá-'''. | | * '''nul''' - zero |
| :: '''kunyákálá''' - <tt>ku-nyá-kál-á</tt> - <small>3PL-REFL-speak-NPST</small> - ''They speak to each other.''
| | * '''wa''' - one |
| :: '''nyánayankí''' - <tt>nyá-nay-ank-í</tt> - <small>REFL-see-NEG-PST</small> - ''She did not see herself.''
| | * '''ni''' - two |
| | * '''ush''' - three |
| | * '''ha''' - four |
| | * '''kish''' - five |
| | * '''sha''' - six |
| | * '''seb''' - seven |
| | * '''oka''' - eight |
| | * '''nen''' - nine |
| | * '''da''' - ten |
| | * '''sada''' - hundred |
| | * '''hesha''' - thousand |
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| = verbs = | | = verbs = |
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| * '''Pronominal prefix''' - '''VERB STEM''' - '''tense/aspect-modal''' | | * '''yem-ek''' - to eat |
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| == tenses ==
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| There are three tenses...[[wp:Nonpast_tense|nonpast]], [[wp:Past_tense|past]], and distant past.
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| * '''-á''' - non-past [NPST]
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| :: '''wayimá''' - <tt>wa-yim-á</tt> - <small>1S-eat-NPST</small> - ''I eat.''
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| * '''-í''' - past [PST]
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| :: '''niyimí''' - <tt>ni-yim-í</tt> - <small>2S-eat-PST</small> - ''You ate.''
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| * '''-íyí''' - distant past [DSPT]
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| :: '''kwayimíyí''' - <tt>kwa-yim-íyí</tt> - <small>1PL-eat-DPST</small> - ''We ate long ago.''
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| == other modifiers ==
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| Various moods (or modals), aspects, and syntactic markers are used to add nuance and subtlety.
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| * '''-ak-''' - obligation [OBG]
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| :: '''wasapaká''' - <tt>wa-sap-ak-á</tt> - <small>1SG-go-OBG-NPST</small> - ''I should go.''
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| :: '''ninapakí''' - <tt>ni-nap-ak-í</tt> - <small>2SG-listen-OBG-PST</small> - ''You should have listened.''
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| * '''-ank-''' - negative [NEG]
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| :: '''pumatankí''' - <tt>pu-mat-ank-í</tt> - <small>3PL.OBJ-kill-NEG-PST</small> - ''They were not killed.''
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| :: '''nwanapanká''' - <tt>nwa-nap-ank-á</tt> - <small>1SG.OBJ-hear-NEG-NPST</small> - ''I am not heard.'' | ''She/he doesn't hear/listen to me.''
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| * '''-ás-''' - ability [ABIL]
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| :: '''yimásá''' - <tt>yim-ás-á</tt> - <small>eat-ABIL-NPST</small> - ''She/he is able to eat.''
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| = lexicon =
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| These are listed by stem, and do not distinguish nominal and verbal meanings or usages.
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| * '''kál''' - say; tongue; voice; language; talk
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| * '''mat''' - cut; kill; knife
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| * '''yim''' - eat; nourish; bread
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| = examples =
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| == speak ==
| | * '''yem-an''' - I eat |
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| * '''kál''' - speak
| | == tense == |
| : '''wakálá''' - <tt>wa-kál-á</tt> - <small>1SG-speak-NPST</small> - ''I speak.''
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| : '''nikálí''' - <tt>ni-kál-í</tt> - <small>2SG-speak-PST</small> - ''You spoke.''
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| : '''kunyákálá''' - <tt>ku-nyá-kál-á</tt> - <small>3PL-REFL-speak-NPST</small> - ''They speak to each other.''
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| == break ==
| | * ''' ''' - non-past tense |
| | * '''-esh''' - past tense |
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| * '''tak''' - break
| | == mood == |
