View source for Netagin

{{Language|
| English = Netagin
| native = brítz nˀAthághín<br/>{{heb|בְּרִיץ אֲ֬תָגִין}}<br/>ββρείτζ νἈθωγείν
| country = Cyprus, Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt, Turkey
| universe = 
| speakers = 393,000
| family = Isolate
| wordorder = SOV
| type = Agglutinative
| alignment = Accusative, Dechticaetiative
| author = IlL
| date = 2013 C.E.
| background = white
| headingbg = #faecc8
| width = 50%
}}
'''Netagin''' is intended to be my "real" jump-on-the-pseudo-Celtic-bandwagon - a morphophonological rather than syntactic imitation of Celtic, specifically within a Semitoid framework. It is an ''a priori'' language intended to have a [[w:Northwest Semitic languages|Northwest Semitic]] and [[w:Irish language|Irish]] aesthetic, (Indeed [[w:Tiberian Hebrew|Tiberian]] [[w:Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and [[w:Aramaic language|Aramaic]] are the most stereotypically "Celtic" of all Semitic languages, with their use of lenition. So much that I was once tempted to make an Irish-looking Semlang. For the curious, it resulted in something like ''A chathabh an séibhear an seabhar ba bhíth an dtóir?'' 'Did the scribe write the book in the house of purity?' This project can be considered a compromise between the two aesthetics.) and also as a semi-joke (though I'm not sure if it is best understood as laughing with or at Israelis/Modern Hebrew for their mutational challengedness. The aim definitely is, however, to create a language that would inspire *DIVINE FEAR* and *DREAD* in the minds of the average Israeli). It employs templatic morphology, animacy hierarchy-based person marking and mutation-triggering proclitics encoding multiple grammatical functions such as topic-prominence, TAM and modality/evidentiality.

==Background==
The '''Netagin''' language (Netagin: {{heb|בְּרִיץ אֲ֬תָגִין}} ''ββρείτζ νἈθωγείν'' ''brítz nˀAthághín'' [bʁɨtɬ naθɒˈʝin] "speech of the recluses"; Greek: νεθαγίν ''nethayín''; Modern Hebrew: {{heb|נְתָגִין}} ''netagín'' or {{heb|נְתָגִינִית}} ''netaginít'') is a language isolate autochthonous to Cyprus and spoken in Cyprus and its Middle Eastern environs, including the Holy Land. As a result of interaction with Greek it shares with it extensive spirantization, nasal mutation and palatalization. Rather remarkably, however, Netagin additionally grammaticalized these sandhi processes, much like the insular Celtic languages and to a lesser extent Tiberian Hebrew. It is a fusional and templatic language with some agglutinative  characteristics. The language has been small but vigorous up until modern times. Currently the language is suffering from decline in speakers and attrition of its many unique grammatical features. The latter is especially severe in Israel as the marginalized speakers assimilate more Israeli roots, vocabulary and syntax, and omit mutations as in spoken Israeli Hebrew.

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
There are 35 phonemic consonants.
{| class="wikitable " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''Netagin consonants'''
|-
! colspan="13"|Consonants
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan= "2"|
! rowspan="2" | Bilabial
! rowspan="2" | Labio-dental
! rowspan="2" | Dental
! colspan="2" rowspan="1" | Alveolar
! rowspan="2" | Retroflex
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! rowspan="2" | Velar
! rowspan="2" | Uvular
! rowspan="2" | Pharyngeal
! rowspan="2" | Glottal
|-
! <small>plain</small>
! <small>emphatic</small>
|-
! colspan="2"| Nasals
|'''m, mb''' /m~mʲ/
|
|
|'''n, nd, nˀ, nh''' /n~nʲ/
|'''nˤ, nḥ''' /nˤ/
|
|colspan="2"|'''ng''' /ɲ~ŋ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2"|Plosives
!<small>voiceless</small>
|'''p''' /p~pʲ/
|
|
|'''t''' /t~tɕ/
|'''ṭ''' /tˤ~ɗˤ/
|
|colspan="2"|'''c''' /c~k/
|'''q''' /q/
|
| colspan="1" rowspan="2"|'''ˀ''' /ʔ/
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|'''b, bp''' /b~bʲ/
|
|
|'''d, dt''' /d~dʑ/
|'''dṭ''' /dˤ/
|
|colspan="2"|'''g, gc''' /ɟ~g/
|'''gq''' /ɢ/
|
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Fricatives
!<small>unvoiced</small>
|
|'''f, ph''' /f~fʲ/
|'''th''' /θ/
|'''s''' /s~ɕ/
|'''ṭh''' /sˁ~θˁ/
|'''š''' /ʂ~ʃ/
| colspan="2"|'''ch''' /ç~x/
|'''qh''' /χ/
|'''ḥ, fh''' /ħ/
| rowspan="2"|'''h''' /h~ɦ/
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|
|'''bh''' /v/<br/>([vʲ])
|'''dh''' /ð/
|'''z''' /z~ʑ/
|
|
| colspan="2"|'''gh''' /ʝ~ɣ/
|'''r''' /ʁ/
|'''ˁ''' /ʕ/
|-
!colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Approximants
|'''mh, mhf''' /w/
|
|
|
|
|
|'''y''' /j/
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Lateral app.
|
|
|
|'''l''' /ɫ~ʎ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Lateral fric.
|
|
|
|'''ś''' /ɬ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="1"|Lateral aff.
|
|
|
|'''tz''' /tɬ/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

The phoneme /tˤ/ is realized as an implosive, [ɗˤ] word-initially.

In the standard pronunciation (but not in all dialects; notably not in the Ṭašálí dialect) all consonants except /j/, emphatics, uvulars, gutturals (pharyngeals and glottals), lateral fricatives and affricates and dental fricatives are palatalized when preceding a front vowel. /w/'s palatalized allophone is /vʲ/.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:650px; text-align:center;"
|-
! Plain
! /ɣ/
! /x/
! /g/
! /k/
! /ŋ/
! /ʂ/
! /ɫ/
! /z/
! /s/
! /d/
! /t/
! /n/
! /w/
! /v/
! /f/
! /b/
! /p/
! /m/
|-
! Palatalized 
| [ʝ]
| [ç]
| [ɟ]
| [c]
| [ɲ]
| [ʃ]
| [ʎ]
| [ʑ]
| [ɕ] 
| [dʑ]
| [tɕ]
| [nʲ]
|colspan="2"| [vʲ]
| [fʲ]
| [bʲ]
| [pʲ]
| [mʲ]
|}

===Vowels===
The vowels written with an acute accent can be analyzed as long vowels or tense vowels; one or more of both pronunciations may be realized simultaneously.

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Vowels'''
! style="width: 90px; "|
! style="width: 90px; " |[[w:Front vowel|Front]]
! style="width: 90px; " |[[w:Near-front vowel|Near-front]]
! style="width: 90px; " |[[w:Central vowel|Central]]
! style="width: 90px; " |[[w:Near-back vowel|Near-back]]
! style="width: 90px; " |[[w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! style="" |[[w:Close vowel|Close]]
| '''í''' /i(ː)/
| 
| [ɨ]
| 
| '''ú''' /u(ː)/
|-
! style="" |[[w:Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
| 
| '''i''' /ɪ/
| 
| '''u''' /ʊ/
| 
|-
! style="" |[[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| '''é''' /e(ː)/
| 
| [ɘ]
| 
| '''ó''' /o(ː)/
|-
! style="" |[[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
|
|
|
| 
|
|-
! style="" |[[w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| '''e''' /ɛ/
| 
| [ɜ]
| 
| '''o''' /ɔ/
|-
! style="" |[[w:Near-open vowel|Near-open]]
|
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
! style="" |[[w:Open vowel|Open]]
| 
| 
| '''a''' /ä/
| 
| '''á''' /ɒ(ː)/
|}

Front vowels /i e ɛ/ are centralized to [ɨ ɘ ɜ] after emphatic or uvular consonants.

===Stress===
In native words primary stress can only fall on the ultimate, or less commonly the penultimate syllable.

==Orthography==
Until recently the Greek alphabet and the Hebrew abjad (especially in Israel or by Jews) were more often used. However, recently the Latin script, especially imprecise renditions thereof, has been spreading to the exclusion of the Hebrew-based orthography.

===Consonants===

The ''[[w:dagesh|dagesh]]'' is used to mark historical gemination (''dagesh forte'') that is nowadays realized only for resonants ''n'', ''l'' and ''r'', and non-lenition (''dagesh lene'') for the case of ''b'', ''g'', ''d'', ''ṭ'', ''c'', ''m'', ''p'', ''q'', and ''t''.  In Netagin the lenitable letters are termed {{Heb|בֵּגָֿ״דֿ וֲּטֵֿכָֿ״םֿ וֻּפֶֿקָֿ״תֿ}} ''béghádh fa-ṭhéchámh fu-phéqháth'' [beˌɣɒð fasˤɘˌxɒw fʊfʲeχɒθ]. ''Mémh'', however, often resists lenition after /ɪ/, /i/ or /j/. A word-medial ''dagesh''ed lenitable consonant is not written as double letters in Latin script.

Syllable/word-final <''ˀ''> and <''h''> are silent. When a word-final ''he'' has a ''mappiq'' (homographic to the ''dagesh'') it is not silent, but is to be pronounced /h/ (Romanized as ''hh'' and Hellenized as a doubled vowel).

{| class="wikitable " style="width:300px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="5"|Netagin consonants
|-
! Hebrew !! Name !! Latin !! Greek !! IPA
|-
|{{heb|א}}||''ˀálaph''||''ˀ''|| spiritus lenis ||/ʔ/
|-
|{{heb|בּ}}||''báith''||''b''|| ββ ||/b~bʲ/
|-
|{{heb|גּ}}||''gímhal''||''g''|| γγ || /ɟ~g/
|-
|{{heb|דּ}}||''dálath''||''d''|| δδ ||/d~dʑ/
|-
|{{heb|ה}}||''hé''||''h''|| spiritus asper, vowel doubling (when word-final) ||/h/
|-
|{{heb|וּ}}||''fó''||''f''|| ϝϝ || /f~fʲ/
|-
|{{heb|ז}}||''záin''||''z''|| ζ ||/z~ʑ/
|-
|{{heb|ח}}||''ḥéth''||''ḥ''|| η || /ħ/
|-
|{{heb|טּ}}||''ṭéth''||''ṭ''|| ττ || /tˤ~ɗˤ/
|-
|{{heb|י}}||''yódh''||''y'', ''i'' after a vowel|| ι, ϊ after a vowel ||/j/
|-
|{{heb|כּךּ}}||''cáph''||''c''|| χχ || /c~k/
|-
|{{heb|ל}}||''lámhadh''||''l''|| λ || /ɫ~ʎ/
|-
|{{heb|מּםּ}}||''mémh''||''m''|| μμ || /m~mʲ/
|-
|{{heb|נן}}||''nún''||''n''|| ν || /n/
|-
|{{heb|ס}}||''sámhach''||''s''|| σ, ς || /s~ɕ/
|-
|{{heb|ע}}||''ˁáin''||''ˁ''|| ω || /ʕ/
|-
|{{heb|פּףּ}}||''pé''||''p''|| φφ || /p~pʲ/
|-
|{{heb|צץ}}||''tzádhe''||''tz''|| τζ || /tɬ/
|-
|{{heb|קּ}}||''qóph''||''q''|| κκ || /q/
|-
|{{heb|ר}}||''réš''||''r''|| ρ || /ʁ/
|-
|{{heb|ש}}||''šín''||''š''|| σζ || /ʃ/
|-
|{{heb|שֹ}}||''śín''||''ś''|| θζ || /ɬ/
|-
|{{heb|תּ}}||''tó''||''t''|| θθ || /t~tɕ/
|}

Lenition (Netagin ''taqídháh'' 'melting; dissolution') is marked with a lack of a ''dagesh'' in the Hebrew script, or a following ''h'' in the Latin script. The ''rafe'' may be used for improved contrast.

{| class="wikitable " style="width:300px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="5"|Lenition
|-
! Hebrew script !! Latin !! Greek !! IPA
|-
|{{heb|ב}}||''bh''|| β || /v~vʲ/
|-
|{{heb|ג}}||''gh''|| γ ||/ʝ~ɣ/
|-
|{{heb|ד}}||''dh''|| δ || /ð/
|-
|{{heb|ו}}||''fh''|| ϝ || /ħ/
|-
|{{heb|ט}}||''ṭh''|| τ || /sˤ~θˤ/
|-
|{{heb|כך}}||''ch''|| χ || /ç~x/
|-
|{{heb|מם}}||''mh''|| μ || /w~vʲ/
|-
|{{heb|פף}}||''ph''|| φ || /f~fʲ/
|-
|{{heb|ק}}||''qh''|| κ || /χ/
|-
|{{heb|ת}}||''th''|| θ || /θ/
|}

Historical nasalization (Netagin: ''carríṭháh'' 'befogging; making turbid') is marked in the Hebrew script with a ''nún mecharríṭh'' ('befogging ''nún'''; rendered here as an ''iluy'') in conjunction with a ''dagesh'' for lenitable consonants.

{| class="wikitable " style="width:300px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4"|Eclipsis
|-
! Hebrew script !! Latin !! Greek !! IPA
|-
|{{heb|א֬, ה֬}}||''nˀ, nh''|| ν- added || /n~nʲ/
|-
|{{heb|בּ֬}}||''mb''|| μβ || /m/
|-
|{{heb|גּ֬}}||''ng''|| νγ || /ɲ~ŋ/
|-
|{{heb|דּ֬}}||''nd''|| νδ || /n~nʲ/
|-
|{{heb|וּ֬}}||''mhf''|| μϝ || /w~vʲ/
|-
|{{heb|ח֬, ע֬}}||''nḥ, nˁ''|| ν- added || /nˤ/
|-
|{{heb|י֬}}||''ny''|| ν- added || /nʲ/
|-
|{{heb|טּ֬}}||''dṭ''|| ντ || /dˤ/
|-
|{{heb|כּ֬}}||''gc''|| γχ || /ɟ~g/
|-
|{{heb|פּ֬}}||''bp''|| μφ || /b/
|-
|{{heb|קּ֬}}||''gq''|| γκ || /gˤ~ɢ/
|-
|{{heb|תּ֬}}||''dt''|| νθ || /d~dʑ/
|}

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable " style="width:250px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="5"|Vowels
|-
! Hebrew !! Latin !! Greek !! IPA (Standard) !! IPA (Țašálí) 
|-
|{{heb|אַ, אֲ}}||''a''|| α ||/a/|| /a/
|-
|{{heb|אָ}}<sup>1</sup>||''á''|| ω || /ɒ/ || /o/
|-
|{{heb|אֶ, אֱ, אְ}}||''e''|| ε || /ɛ/ || /æ/
|-
|{{heb|אֵ}}||''é''|| αι || /e/ || /e/
|-
|{{heb|אִ}}||''i''|| ι || /ɪ/ || /i/
|-
|{{heb|אִי}}||''í''|| ει || /i/ || /i/
|-
|{{heb|אָ, אֳ}}||''o''|| ο || /ɔ/ || /o/
|-
|{{heb|אֹ, אוֹ}}||''ó''|| αυ || /o/ || /ø/
|-
|{{heb|אֻ}}||''u''|| υ || /ʊ/ || /u/
|-
|{{heb|אֻו}}||''ú''|| ου || /u/ || /y/
|-
|{{heb|אְ}}
|colspan="4"|Ø
|}

===Disambiguation===
In the Latin and Greek scripts interpuncts (•) are used to separate digraph combinations that are to be pronounced as two letters: ''piq•háh'' (they dream).

===Unvocalized orthography===
In the unvocalized Hebrew-based orthography it is generally accepted to indicate all mutations in addition to writing ''[[w:mater lectionis|matres lectionis]]'' for certain long vowels. The diphthong ''ái'' and sometimes ''éi'' are written with two consecutive ''yódh''.

==Morphology==
'''NB.''' Superscript <sup>L</sup> = lenition of the following consonant, <sup>N</sup> = eclipsis, <sup>D</sup> = following consonant is dageshed.
===Nouns and Adjectives===
:''See also: [[Netagin/Declension patterns]].''

Nouns and adjectives are inflected for number (singular, paucal and plural), gender (animate, honorific, inanimate and abstract; historically the latter two, being somewhat arbitrary with respect to abstract nouns, had been dubbed "masculine" and "feminine" after the Semitic genders they resemble), and four cases.

The mutations that accompany the words only affect other words in the same prosodic phrase or NP.

====Declensions with sound plurals====
Animate plurals are typically sound, while inanimate sound plurals are typically adjectives (and their nounless forms derived from them via the prefix m- if they don't have it already) and abstract/honorifics.


{| class="wikitable collapsible " style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | Animate declension: ''qinnáth'' ('stranger')
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Paucal !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Direct
| ''qinnáth'' || ''qinnáthú'' || ''qinnáthíyáh''
|-
! Genitive
| ''qinnáthím''<sup>N</sup>  || ''qinnáthann''<sup>L</sup> || ''qinnáthín''<sup>N</sup>
|-
! Instrumental
| ''qinnáthath'' || ''qinnátháich'' || ''qinnáthícháh''<sup>L</sup>
|-
! Locative
| ''qinnáthámh'' || ''qinnáthéim''<sup>N</sup> || ''qinnáthán''
|}


{| class="wikitable collapsible " style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | Inanimate declension: ''yáréph'' ('wheel')
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Paucal !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Direct
| ''yáréph''<sup>N</sup> ||  ''yiréphú''|| ''yirépháh''
|-
! Genitive
| ''yiréphéi''<sup>L</sup> || ''yiréphann''<sup>L</sup> || ''yiréphái''<sup>N</sup>
|-
! Instrumental
| ''yiréphéch''<sup>N</sup> || ''yirépháich'' || ''yiréphcháh''<sup>L</sup>
|-
! Locative
| ''yiréphín'' || ''yiréphéim''<sup>N</sup> || ''yiréphán''
|}


{| class="wikitable collapsible " style="width: 400px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | Uncountable/honorific declension: ''ˀimáh'' ('mother')
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Paucal !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Direct
| ''ˀimáh''(<sup>N</sup> if abstract) || ''ˀimáthéi'' || ''ˀimótháh''
|-
! Genitive
| ''ˀimath''<sup>N</sup> || ''ˀimáthann''<sup>L</sup> || ''ˀimóthái''<sup>N</sup>
|-
! Instrumental
| ''ˀimáthéch''<sup>N</sup> || ''ˀimátháich'' || ''ˀimóthcháh''<sup>L</sup>
|-
! Locative
| ''ˀimáthámh'' || ''ˀimáthéim''<sup>N</sup> || ''ˀimóthín''
|}

====Declensions with broken plurals====
Broken plurals are nonconcatenative plurals that take singular case markers (they derive diachronically from collective noun patterns). Broken plurals only occur with (mainly less animate) nouns. Unlike in [[w:Arabic language|Arabic]] broken plurals induce no irregularity in agreement.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:500px;"
|-
!colspan=3|Broken plural patterns
|-
!Singular
!Plural
!Examples
|-
|rowspan="2"|C<sub>1</sub>əC<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub>
|C<sub>1</sub>əC<sub>2</sub>úC<sub>3</sub>
|''brítz'' (language) > ''brútz''<br/>''psíph'' (vote) > ''psúph''
|-
|C<sub>1</sub>əC<sub>2</sub>óC<sub>3</sub>
|''fríaˁ'' (arrow, ray) > ''fróaˁ''
|-
|C<sub>1</sub><u>e</u>C<sub>2</sub>[a]C<sub>3</sub>
|rowspan="2"|C<sub>1</sub>əC<sub>2</sub>áC<sub>3</sub>, C<sub>1</sub>əC<sub>2</sub>éC<sub>3</sub>
|''śebhar'' (fish) > ''śbhár''
|-
|C<sub>1</sub><u>é</u>C<sub>2</sub>[a]C<sub>3</sub>
|''létzí'' (sow, contemptible person) > ''letzí''
|-
|C<sub>1</sub><u>ó</u>C<sub>2</sub>[a]C<sub>3</sub>
|C<sub>1</sub>oC<sub>2</sub>áC<sub>3</sub>, C<sub>1</sub>oC<sub>2</sub>éC<sub>3</sub>
|
|-
|C<sub>1</sub>éC<sub>2</sub>óC<sub>3</sub>, C<sub>1</sub>éC<sub>2</sub>áC<sub>3</sub>
|ˀəC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub>, ˀəC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>úC<sub>3</sub>, ˀəC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>áC<sub>3</sub>
|''céthóaˁ'' (encounter) > ''ˀechtíaˁ''
|-
|C<sub>1</sub>óC<sub>2</sub>áC<sub>3</sub>
|C<sub>1</sub>əC<sub>2</sub>óC<sub>3</sub>áh
|
|-
|C<sub>1</sub>áC<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub>
|ˀəC<sub>1</sub>íC<sub>2</sub>úC<sub>3</sub>
|
|-
|C<sub>1</sub>áC<sub>2</sub>óC<sub>3</sub>
|C<sub>1</sub>əC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>éC<sub>3</sub>
|
|-
|CəCCVːC
|CəCáCóC, CəCóCéC, CəCáCúC
|
|-
|CiCCəCáh
|CəCCóCáh
|
|}

====Derivational morphology====
*''-ón'': certain nouns, pejorative suffix
*''-í, -íy-'': ''nisba'' adjectival suffix, borrowed from Semitic

===Pronouns===
Second person plural pronouns and verbs are used for politeness, and first person paucal is used for humility in very formal situations. Subject and direct object forms are usually omitted, except for topicalization or focusing. The short forms are adpositional object forms, which follow the adposition unlike other NPs.

The third person pronouns only refer to animates.
{| class="wikitable collapsible " style="width: 1000px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="11" | Personal pronouns
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px;" | Case !! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px;" | Zeroth person !! colspan="3" | First person !! colspan="3" | Second person !! colspan="3" | Third person
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Singular !! style="width: 90px;" | Paucal !! style="width: 90px;" | Plural !! style="width: 90px;" | Singular !! style="width: 90px;" | Paucal !! style="width: 90px;" | Plural !! style="width: 90px;" | Singular !! style="width: 90px;" | Paucal !! style="width: 90px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
|''ˀagáˀ''||''ˀachd''||''ˀadú''||''ˀadáˀ''||''ˀanní''||''ˀannú''||''ˀannáˀ''||''héhh''||''hennú''||''hennáˀ'' 
|-
! Accusative
|''ˀácháˀ'', ''cháˀ''||''ˀachtí'', ''tí''||''ˀáthú'', ''thú''||''ˀátháˀ'', ''tháˀ''||''ˀání'', ''ní''||''ˀánú'', ''nú''||''ˀánáˀ'', ''náˀ''||''hethí'', ''hí''||''hethú'', ''hú''||''hetháˀ'', ''háˀ'' 
|-
! Genitive
|''ˀáchái''<sup>N</sup>, ''chái''<sup>N</sup||''ˀachím''<sup>N</sup>, ''chím''<sup>N</sup>||''ˀáthann''<sup>L</sup>, ''thann''<sup>L</sup>||''ˀáthái''<sup>N</sup>, ''thái''<sup>N</sup>||''ˀaním''<sup>N</sup>, ''ním''<sup>N</sup> ||''ˀánann''<sup>L</sup>, ''nann''<sup>L</sup>||''ˀánái''<sup>N</sup>, ''nái''<sup>N</sup>||''hím''<sup>N</sup>||''hann''<sup>L</sup>||''hái''<sup>N</sup> 
|-
! Instrumental
|''ˀácháh''<sup>L</sup>, ''cháh''<sup>L</sup>||''ˀachath'', ''chath''||''ˀátháich'', ''tháich''||''ˀáthcháh''<sup>L</sup>, ''thacháh''<sup>L</sup>||''ˀanath'', ''nath''||''ˀánáich'', ''náich''||''ˀáncháh''<sup>L</sup>, ''nacháh''<sup>L</sup>||''hath''||''háich''||''hacháh''<sup>L</sup>
|- 
! Locative
|''ˀáchín'', ''chín''||''ˀachámh'', ''chámh''||''ˀáthéim''<sup>N</sup>, ''théim''<sup>N</sup>||''ˀáthín'', ''thín''||''ˀanámh'', ''námh''||''ˀánéim''<sup>N</sup>, ''néim''<sup>N</sup>||''ˀánín'', ''nín''||''hámh''||''héim''<sup>N</sup>||''hín'' 
|}


{| class="wikitable collapsible " style="width: 270px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | Interrogative pronouns
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case !! style="width: 90px;" | 'who' !! style="width: 90px;" | 'what'
|-
! Nominative
| ''mí'' || ''ˀéi<sup>N</sup>''
|-
! Accusative
| ''máh'' || ''ˀéi<sup>N</sup>''
|-
! Genitive
| ''méi''<sup>L</sup> || ''ˀayyéi''<sup>L</sup>
|-
! Instrumental
| ''míth'' || ''ˀéich''
|- 
! Locative
| ''mím'' || ''ˀayyó''
|}

The demonstrative pronoun is used adnominally or pronominally. It may be used as a pronoun for inanimates.

Having arisen from historical gemination, the demonstrative pronoun resists mutations.

{| class="wikitable collapsible " style="width: 360px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | Demonstrative pronoun
|-
! style="width: 90px;" | Case !! style="width: 90px;" | Singular !! style="width: 90px;" | Paucal !! style="width: 90px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ''dí'' || ''lú'' || ''cáˀ''
|-
! Accusative
| ''dáh'' || ''láh'' || ''cáˀ''
|-
! Genitive
| ''déi''<sup>L</sup> || ''lann''<sup>L</sup> || ''cái''<sup>N</sup>
|-
! Instrumental
| ''dách'' || ''léich'' || ''cacháh''
|- 
! Locative
| ''dó'' || ''léim''<sup>N</sup> || ''cán''
|}

===Verbs===
Netagin verbs, perhaps similarly to those of [[w:Biblical Hebrew|Biblical Hebrew]], mark aspect and person, but not tense. (Netagin, rather unusually, renders tense as proclitics on NPs instead.) Non-concatenative morphology figures prominently in conjugation for valence and TAM, much like in Semitic and Proto-Indo-European.
====Patterns====
Up to 4 verbal patterns may be derived from a root in Netagin:

*In the '''Intransitive''' paradigm are verbs denoting intransitive actions ("come"), as well as stative verbs ("be cold"). It is often considered the most basic form.
*The '''Transitive''' paradigm contains most monotransitive verbs, ("eat") including causativizations of Intransitive verbs ("make happy"). Can also have a telic (desired outcome was reached) meaning.
*The '''Reflexive''' pattern consists of verbs denote reflexive/reciprocal action ("get dressed", "kiss each other"), or change of state ("thicken").
*The '''Causative''' pattern contains causatives of transitive verbs ("feed") (and of some Intransitives and Reflexives). Causatives of statives in the imperfective aspect may denote active maintenance of a state (as opposed to changing a state in the perfective aspect).

Note that there is no passive in Netagin - this function is mainly served by zeroth person in transitive verbs or with Reflexive verbs.

{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Perfective !! Imperfective !! Participle !! Action noun
|-
! Intransitive 
| ''C<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''C<sub>1</sub>iC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''C<sub>1</sub>óC<sub>2</sub>éC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''C<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub><sup>N</sup>''
|-
! Transitive 
| ''C<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>óC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''C<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>í<sup>1</sup>C<sub>3</sub>'' || ''meC<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''C<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub>áh<sup>N</sup>''
|-
! Reflexive 
| ''ˀiC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>é<sup>1</sup>C<sub>3</sub>'' || ''niC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>é<sup>1</sup>C<sub>3</sub>'' || ''mi<sup>N</sup>C<sub>1</sub>úC<sub>2</sub>áC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''ˀaC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>óC<sub>3</sub>ath<sup>N</sup>''
|-
! Causative 
| ''ˀaC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''<sup>N</sup>C<sub>1</sub>éC<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''maC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>áC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''ˀaC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>úC<sub>3</sub>áh<sup>N</sup>''
|}
<sup>1</sup> Attenuates to ''a'' before a stressed suffix beginning with a consonant.

Suffixes beginning with a vowel cause the vowel between C<sub>2</sub> and C<sub>3</sub> to be elided.

The ''infinitive'' ({{sc|inf}}) is formed by leniting the first letter of the bare stem of the verb, or if said first letter is a guttural, adding ''fa-''.

The ''action noun'' ({{sc|axn}}) or ''gerund'' is used in action noun constructions, which are of the form SUBJECT-{{sc|gen}} AXN OBJECT-{{sc|acc}}. It is of importance in forming relative clauses, for Netagin does not have a relativizer.
:{{heb|בֶּן אָתַןּ גְדִיב כַּ֬וֵּה וַּתַּתֵּ֬לַם.}}
:'''''Ben ˀáthann ghedhíbh gcaféh fatedtélamh.'''''
:<small>FUT<nowiki>=</nowiki>1PC.GEN drink.AXN.SG.DIR coffee.SG.DIR INV-(1,3)-awaken/CAUS.IPFV</small>
:''Our drinking coffee will keep us alert.''

====Affixes====

=====Unipersonal (suffix) conjugation=====
The suffix conjugation is used for inherently intransitive (unaccusative) or reflexive verbs, and imperatives. Unipersonal verbs are negated in the optative/imperative by ''núr<sup>N</sup>''.

{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Unipersonal verb structure'''
!0!!1!!2
|-
||'''Stem'''/Voice/Aspect||Personal suffix||Imperative or Polarity/Focus
|}
(There are the intransitive stem, the reflexive stem, and the transitive/causative stem(s). The latter is used in imperatives of transitive verbs.)

In the indicative the personal suffixes represent the subject; in the imperative they indicate the object.

{| class="wikitable " style="width: 250px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4"|Unipersonal suffixes
|-
!Person!!Singular!!Paucal!!Plural
|-
!0
|colspan="3"|''-c[h]<sup>1</sup>áˀ''
|-
!1
||''-d(i)/-ch(i)''<sup>1</sup>/''-t[h]<sup>1</sup>í''<sup>3</sup>||''-t[h]<sup>1</sup>ú''||''-t[h]<sup>1</sup>áˀ''
|-
!2
||''-ní''||''-nú''||''-náˀ''
|-
!3
||-''(a)''<sup>2</sup>/''-í''<sup>3</sup>||''-ú''||''-áh''
|}
The 0th, 1st and 2nd person forms are penultimately stressed; the 3rd person forms are ultimately stressed.

<sup>1</sup>After vowels or ''mh''.<br/>
<sup>2</sup>As indicative subject; not expressed without another suffix<br/>
<sup>3</sup>As imperative object.

{| class="wikitable " style="width: 200px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="2"|Slot 2 suffixes
|-
! Netagin !! Gloss
|-
| ''-n'' || Imperative ({{sc|imp}})
|-
| ''-chú'' || Affirmative focus ({{sc|aff.foc}})
|-
| ''-chí'' || Negative ({{sc|neg}})
|-
| ''-náh/-cháh*'' || Negative focus ({{sc|neg.foc}})
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>In second person forms.

=====Bipersonal (prefix) conjugation=====
The prefix conjugation is used for non-imperative transitive verbs (verbs that can take an agent and a patient).
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Bipersonal verb structure'''
!&minus;2!!&minus;1!!0!!1!!2
|-
|Inverse prefix||Bipersonal prefix||'''Transitive stem'''/Voice/Aspect||Polarity/Focus||Pluractionality suffix
|}


{| class="wikitable " style="width: 200px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="2"|Inverse prefix
|-
! Netagin !! Gloss
|-
| ''fa''<sup>D</sup>- || Inverse ({{sc|inv}})
|}


{| class="wikitable " style="width: 200px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="2"|Personal prefixes
|-
! Netagin !! Gloss
|-
| ''b-'' || (2,0)
|-
| ''c-'' || (1,0)
|-
| ''h-'' || (1,2)
|-
| ''l-'' || (0,3)
|-
| ''n-'' || (2,3)
|-
| ''t-'' || (1,3)
|-
| ''y-'' || (3,3)
|}


{| class="wikitable " style="width: 200px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="2"|Polarity/focus suffixes
|-
! Netagin !! Gloss
|-
| ''-(a)'' || Affirmative ({{sc|aff}})
|-
| ''-cú'' || Affirmative focus ({{sc|aff.foc}})
|-
| ''-cí'' || Negative ({{sc|neg}})
|-
| ''-náh'' || Negative focus ({{sc|neg.foc}})
|}
All of the above suffixes are stressed. The focused suffixes emphasize the truth value and are therefore used to answer yes/no questions.

{| class="wikitable " style="width: 200px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="2"|Pluractionality suffix
|-
! Netagin !! Gloss
|-
| ''-nn'' || Pluractional ({{sc|plax}})
|}
 
The pluractionality suffix never affects the thematic vowel in irregular verbs, unlike other suffixes beginning with a consonant.

=====Example paradigm=====
The following is the paradigm of the verb root g-d-b ('drown, drink') which has verbs in all four verb patterns:

{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="7"|''gadhabh'' - to drown
|-
!
!colspan="3"|Perfective
!colspan="3"|Imperfective
|-
!Subject!!Singular!!Paucal!!Plural!!Singular!!Paucal!!Plural
|-
!0
|colspan="3"|''gadhabhcáˀ''
|colspan="3"|''gidabhcáˀ''
|-
!1
||''gadhabhd''||''gadhabhtú''||''gadhabhtáˀ''
||''gidabhd''||''gidabhtú''||''gidabhtáˀ''
|-
!2
||''gadhabhní''||''gadhabhnú''||''gadhabhnáˀ''
||''gidabhní''||''gidabhnú''||''gidabhnáˀ''
|-
!3
||''gadhabh''||''gadhbhú''||''gadhbháh''
||''gidabh''||''gidbhú''||''gidbháh''
|}


{| class="wikitable " style="width: 200px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4"|''gadhóbh'' - to drink, prefixed
|-
!colspan="2"|Perfective
!colspan="1"|Imperfective
|-
! Direct !! Inverse !! Direct
|-
| <abbr title="you drink sth">''bighdóbh''</abbr> || <abbr title="sth (probably some small arthropod) drinks you">''fabighdóbh''</abbr> || ''beghadíbh''
|-
| <abbr title="I drink sth">''cighdóbh''</abbr> || ''facighdóbh'' || ''ceghadíbh''
|-
| <abbr title="I drink you (fam), or you (hon) drink me">''highdóbh''</abbr> || ''fa'''h'''ighdóbh'' || ''heghadíbh''
|-
| <abbr title="s/he drinks sth">''lighdóbh''</abbr> || ''fallighdóbh'' || ''leghadíbh''
|-
| <abbr title="you drink it">''nighdóbh''</abbr> || ''fannighdóbh'' || ''neghadíbh''
|-
| <abbr title="I drink it">''tighdóbh''</abbr> || ''fatighdóbh'' || ''teghadíbh''
|-
| <abbr title="s/he drinks it">''yighdóbh''</abbr> || ''fayyighdóbh'' || ''yeghadíbh''
|}


{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="4"|''gadhóbh'' - to drink, w/ focus suffixes
|-
||<abbr title="s/he doesn't drink it">''yighdóbhcí''</abbr>||<abbr title="yes, she does drink it">''yighdóbhcú''</abbr>||<abbr title="no, s/he doesn't drink it">''yighdóbhnáh''</abbr>
|}


{| class="wikitable " style="width: 250px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="7"|''gadhóbh'' - to drink, imperative
|-
!
!colspan="3"|Perfective
!colspan="3"|Imperfective
|-
!Object!!Singular!!Paucal!!Plural!!Singular!!Paucal!!Plural
|-
!0
|colspan="3"|''gadhóbhcán!''
|colspan="3"|''gadabhcán!''
|-
!1
||''gadhóbhtín!''||''gadhóbhtún!''||''gadhóbhtán!''
||''gadabhdin!''||''gadabhtún!''||''gadabhtán!''
|-
!3
||''g'''i'''dhbhín!''||''g'''i'''dhbhún!''||''g'''i'''dhbhán!''
||''gadbhín!''||''gadbhún!''||''gadbhán!''
|}


{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="7"|''ˀighdébh'' - to get oneself drowned; to fill up with liquid
|-
!
!colspan="3"|Perfective
!colspan="3"|Imperfective
|-
!Subject!!Singular!!Paucal!!Plural!!Singular!!Paucal!!Plural
|-
!0
|colspan="3"|''ˀighdabhcáˀ''
|colspan="3"|''nighdabhcáˀ''
|-
!1
||''ˀighdabhd''||''ˀighdabhtú''||''ˀighdabhtáˀ''
||''nighdabhd''||''nighdabhtú''||''nighdabhtáˀ''
|-
!2
||''ˀighdabhní''||''ˀighdabhnú''||''ˀighdabhnáˀ''
||''nighdabhní''||''nighdabhnú''||''nighdabhnáˀ''
|-
!3
||''ˀighdébh''||''ˀighdebhú''||''ˀighdebháh''
||''nighdébh''||''nighdebhú''||''nighdebháh''
|}


{| class="wikitable " style="width: 200px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="2"|''ˀaghdabh'' - to drown (transitive)/to cause to drink/to fill w/ liquid, prefixed
|-
!colspan="1"|Perfective
!colspan="1"|Imperfective
|-
|| ''baghdabh'' || ''bingédabh''
|-
|| ''caghdabh'' || ''cingédabh''
|-
|| ''haghdabh'' || ''hingédabh''
|-
|| ''laghdabh'' || ''lingédabh''
|-
|| ''naghdabh'' || ''ningédabh''
|-
|| ''taghdabh'' || ''tingédabh''
|-
|| ''yaghdabh'' || ''yingédabh''
|}


{| class="wikitable " style="width: 250px; text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="7"|''ˀaghdabh'', imperative
|-
!
!colspan="3"|Perfective
!colspan="3"|Imperfective
|-
!Object!!Singular!!Paucal!!Plural!!Singular!!Paucal!!Plural
|-
!0
|colspan="3"|''ˀaghdabhcán!''
|colspan="3"|'''''ˀi'''ngédabhcán!''
|-
!1
||''ˀaghdabhtín!''||''ˀaghdabhtún!''||''ˀaghdabhtán!''
||'''''ˀi'''ngédabhtín!''||'''''ˀi'''ngédabhtún!''||'''''ˀi'''ngédabhtán!''
|-
!3
||''ˀaghdabhín!''||''ˀaghdabhún!''||''ˀaghdabhán!''
||'''''ˀi'''ngédbhín!''||'''''ˀi'''ngédbhún!''||'''''ˀi'''ngédbhán!''
|}

====Weak roots====
The so-called ''weak roots'' have consonants that create various irregularities in conjugation.
=====First radical=====
======Gutturals (ˀálaph, héˀ, ḥéth, ˁáin)======
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Perfective !! Imperfective !! Participle !! Action noun
|-
! Intransitive 
| ''C<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''C<sub>1</sub>iC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''C<sub>1</sub>óC<sub>2</sub>éC<sub>3</sub>'' || '''''C<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub><sup>N</sup>'''''
|-
! Transitive 
| '''''C<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>óC<sub>3</sub>''''' || ''C<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''meC<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''C<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub>áh<sup>N</sup>'' 
|-
! Reflexive 
| '''''ˀeC<sub>1</sub>eC<sub>2</sub>éC<sub>3</sub>''''' || '''''neC<sub>1</sub>eC<sub>2</sub>éC<sub>3</sub>''''' || '''''mi<sup>N</sup>C<sub>1</sub>úC<sub>2</sub>áC<sub>3</sub>''''' || '''''ˀáC<sub>2</sub>óC<sub>3</sub>ath<sup>N</sup>''''' (C<sub>1</sub> = ˀ)<br/>'''''ˀaC<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>óC<sub>3</sub>ath<sup>N</sup>''''' (C<sub>1</sub> = h, ḥ, ˁ)'''''
|-
! Causative 
| '''''ˀaC<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>''''' || ''n(e)C<sub>1</sub>éC<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>'' || '''''maC<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>áC<sub>3</sub>''''' || '''''ˀáC<sub>2</sub>úC<sub>3</sub>áh<sup>N</sup>''''' (C<sub>1</sub> = ˀ)'''''<br/>ˀaC<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>úC<sub>3</sub>áh<sup>N</sup>'''''  (C<sub>1</sub> = h, ḥ, ˁ)'''''
|}

======Nún======
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Perfective !! Imperfective !! Participle !! Action noun
|-
! Intransitive 
| ''naC<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''niC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''nóC<sub>2</sub>éC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''neC<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub><sup>N</sup>''
|-
! Transitive 
| '''''<sup>N</sup>C<sub>2</sub>óC<sub>3</sub>, ~<sup>N</sup>C<sub>2</sub>óC<sub>3</sub>''''' || ''naC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''menaC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''naC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub>áh<sup>N</sup>''
|-
! Reflexive 
| '''''ˀi<sup>N</sup>C<sub>2</sub>éC<sub>3</sub>''''' || '''''ni<sup>N</sup>C<sub>2</sub>éC<sub>3</sub>''''' || ''minnúC<sub>2</sub>áC<sub>3</sub>'' || '''''ˀa<sup>N</sup>C<sub>2</sub>óC<sub>3</sub>ath<sup>N</sup>'''''
|-
! Causative 
| '''''ˀa<sup>N</sup>C<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>''''' || ''(n)néC<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>'' || '''''ma<sup>N</sup>C<sub>2</sub>áC<sub>3</sub>''''' || '''''ˀa<sup>N</sup>C<sub>2</sub>úC<sub>3</sub>áh<sup>N</sup>'''''
|}

======Yódh======
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Perfective !! Imperfective !! Participle !! Action noun
|-
! Intransitive 
| ''yaC<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''yiC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''yóC<sub>2</sub>éC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''yeC<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub><sup>N</sup>''
|-
! Transitive 
| '''''C<sub>2</sub>óC<sub>3</sub>, ~éC<sub>2</sub>óC<sub>3</sub>''''' || ''yaC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''meyaC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''yaC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub>áh<sup>N</sup>''
|-
! Reflexive 
| '''''ˀéiC<sub>2</sub>éC<sub>3</sub>''''' || '''''néiC<sub>2</sub>éC<sub>3</sub>''''' || ''minyúC<sub>2</sub>áC<sub>3</sub>'' || '''''ˀéiC<sub>2</sub>óC<sub>3</sub>ath<sup>N</sup>'''''
|-
! Causative 
| '''''ˀéiC<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>''''' || '''''nyéC<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>''''' || '''''méiC<sub>2</sub>áC<sub>3</sub>''''' || '''''ˀéiC<sub>2</sub>úC<sub>3</sub>áh<sup>N</sup>'''''
|}

======Fó======
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Perfective !! Imperfective !! Participle !! Action Noun
|-
! Intransitive 
| ''faC<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''fiC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''fóC<sub>2</sub>éC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''f(e)C<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub><sup>N</sup>''
|-
! Transitive 
| '''''C<sub>2</sub>óC<sub>3</sub>, ~óC<sub>2</sub>áC<sub>3</sub>''''' || ''faC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''mefhaC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''faC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub>áh<sup>N</sup>''
|-
! Reflexive 
| '''''ˀóC<sub>2</sub>éC<sub>3</sub>''''' || '''''nóC<sub>2</sub>éC<sub>3</sub>''''' || ''mimhfúC<sub>2</sub>áC<sub>3</sub>'' || '''''ˀóC<sub>2</sub>óC<sub>3</sub>ath<sup>N</sup>'''''
|-
! Causative 
| '''''ˀóC<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>''''' || ''mhféC<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>'' || '''''móC<sub>2</sub>áC<sub>3</sub>''''' || '''''ˀóC<sub>2</sub>úC<sub>3</sub>áh<sup>N</sup>'''''
|}

=====Second radical=====
======Guttural======
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Perfective !! Imperfective !! Participle !! Action noun
|-
! Intransitive 
| ''C<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>'' || '''''C<sub>1</sub>éC<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>''''' || ''C<sub>1</sub>óC<sub>2</sub>éC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''C<sub>1</sub>eC<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub><sup>N</sup>''
|-
! Transitive 
| ''C<sub>1</sub>eC<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>'' || '''''C<sub>1</sub>áC<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub>''''' || '''''meC<sub>1</sub>áC<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub>''''' || '''''C<sub>1</sub>áC<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>3</sub>áh<sup>N</sup>'''''
|-
! Reflexive 
| '''''ˀeC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>éC<sub>3</sub>''''' || ''niC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>éC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''mi<sup>N</sup>C<sub>1</sub>úC<sub>2</sub>áC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''ˀaC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>óC<sub>3</sub>ath<sup>N</sup>''
|-
! Causative 
| ''ˀaC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''<sup>N</sup>C<sub>1</sub>éC<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''maC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>áC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''ˀaC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>úC<sub>3</sub>áh<sup>N</sup>''
|}

======Hollow-Y======
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Perfective !! Imperfective !! Participle !! Action noun
|-
! Intransitive 
| '''''C<sub>1</sub>áC<sub>3</sub>''''' || ''C<sub>1</sub>iyyaC<sub>3</sub>'' || '''''C<sub>1</sub>áC<sub>3</sub>''''' || '''''C<sub>1</sub>íC<sub>3</sub><sup>N</sup>'''''
|-
! Transitive 
| '''''C<sub>1</sub>éC<sub>3</sub>''''' || ''C<sub>1</sub>ayyíC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''meC<sub>1</sub>ayyíC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''C<sub>1</sub>ayyíC<sub>3</sub>áh<sup>N</sup>'''''
|-
! Reflexive 
| '''''ˀéC<sub>1</sub>íC<sub>3</sub>''''' || '''''náC<sub>1</sub>éC<sub>3</sub>''''' || '''''mi<sup>N</sup>C<sub>1</sub>éC<sub>3</sub>''''' || '''''táC<sub>1</sub>óC<sub>3</sub>ath<sup>N</sup>'''''
|-
! Causative 
| '''''ˀáC<sub>1</sub>íC<sub>3</sub>''''' || '''''<sup>N</sup>C<sub>1</sub>éC<sub>3</sub>''''' || '''''máC<sub>1</sub>íC<sub>3</sub>''''' || '''''táC<sub>1</sub>úC<sub>3</sub>áh<sup>N</sup>''''' 
|}

======Hollow-W======
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Perfective !! Imperfective !! Participle !! Action noun
|-
! Intransitive 
| '''''C<sub>1</sub>áC<sub>3</sub>''''' || ''C<sub>1</sub>ifaC<sub>3</sub>'' || '''''C<sub>1</sub>áC<sub>3</sub>''''' || '''''C<sub>1</sub>íC<sub>3</sub><sup>N</sup>'''''
|-
! Transitive 
| '''''C<sub>1</sub>úC<sub>3</sub>''''' || ''C<sub>1</sub>afíC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''meC<sub>1</sub>afíC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''C<sub>1</sub>afíC<sub>3</sub>áh<sup>N</sup>'''''
|-
! Reflexive 
| '''''ˀéC<sub>1</sub>úC<sub>3</sub>''''' || '''''náC<sub>1</sub>óC<sub>3</sub>''''' || '''''mi<sup>N</sup>C<sub>1</sub>óC<sub>3</sub>''''' || '''''táC<sub>1</sub>óC<sub>3</sub>ath<sup>N</sup>'''''
|-
! Causative 
| '''''ˀáC<sub>1</sub>úC<sub>3</sub>''''' || '''''<sup>N</sup>C<sub>1</sub>óC<sub>3</sub>''''' || '''''máC<sub>1</sub>úC<sub>3</sub>''''' || '''''táC<sub>1</sub>úC<sub>3</sub>áh<sup>N</sup>''''' 
|}

=====Third radical=====
======Guttural======
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Perfective !! Imperfective !! Participle !! Action noun
|-
! Intransitive 
| ''C<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''C<sub>1</sub>iC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''C<sub>1</sub>óC<sub>2</sub>é[a]<sup>1</sup>C<sub>3</sub>'' || ''C<sub>1</sub>(e)C<sub>2</sub>í[a]<sup>1</sup>C<sub>3</sub><sup>N</sup>''
|-
! Transitive 
| ''C<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''C<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>í[a]<sup>1</sup>C<sub>3</sub>'' || ''meC<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>í[a]<sup>1</sup>C<sub>3</sub>'' || ''C<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>í<sup>1</sup>C<sub>3</sub>áh<sup>N</sup>''
|-
! Reflexive 
| ''ˀiC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>é<sup>2</sup>C<sub>3</sub>'' || ''niC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>é[a]<sup>1</sup>C<sub>3</sub>'' || ''mi<sup>N</sup>C<sub>1</sub>úC<sub>2</sub>áC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''ˀaC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>óC<sub>3</sub>ath<sup>N</sup>''
|-
! Causative 
| ''ˀaC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''<sup>N</sup>C<sub>1</sub>éC<sub>2</sub>áC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''maC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>áC<sub>3</sub>'' || ''ˀaC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>úC<sub>3</sub>áh<sup>N</sup>''
|}

<sup>1</sup> inserted if C<sub>3</sub>[+pharyngeal].
<sup>2</sup> becomes ''á'' if C<sub>3</sub>[+pharyngeal].

======Nún======
This irregularity does not hold for all verbs whose C<sub>3</sub> = ''n''; specifically, this class is no longer productive with new verbs.

If a unipersonal suffix beginning with an eclipsable consonant is attached, the final ''nún'' vanishes, eclipsing the consonant:

1sg: ''-c''
1pc, pl: ''-dtú'', ''-dtá''

For all other suffixes, the ''nún'' is written/geminated as normal.

======Yódh======
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Perfective !! Imperfective !! Participle !! Action noun
|-
! Intransitive 
| '''''C<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>áh'', ''-í-'' / _C''' || '''''C<sub>1</sub>iC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>áh'', ''-í-'' / _C''' || '''''C<sub>1</sub>óC<sub>2</sub>eh''''' || '''''C<sub>1</sub>(e)C<sub>2</sub>í<sup>N</sup>'''''
|-
! Transitive 
| '''''C<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>eh'', ''-éi-'' / _C''' || '''''C<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>eh'', ''-í-'' / _C''' || '''''meC<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>eh''''' || ''C<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>íyáh<sup>N</sup>''
|-
! Reflexive 
| '''''ˀiC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>áh'', ''-éi-'' / _C''' || '''''niC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>áh'', ''-éi-'' / _C''' || '''''mi<sup>N</sup>C<sub>1</sub>úC<sub>2</sub>eh''''' || '''''ˀaC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>íth<sup>N</sup>'''''
|-
! Causative 
| '''''ˀaC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>eh'', ''-í-'' / _C''' || '''''<sup>N</sup>C<sub>1</sub>éC<sub>2</sub>eh'', ''-í-'' / _C''' || '''''maC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>eh''''' || ''ˀaC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>úyáh<sup>N</sup>''
|}
The suffixes ''-áh'' and ''-eh'' are deleted before a suffix beginning with a vowel.

Consonants in suffixes lenite after a vowel.

======Fó======
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Perfective !! Imperfective !! Participle !! Action noun
|-
! Intransitive 
| '''''C<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>áh'', ''-ú-'' / _C''' || '''''C<sub>1</sub>iC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>áh'', ''-ú-'' / _C''' || '''''C<sub>1</sub>óC<sub>2</sub>eh''''' || '''''C<sub>1</sub>(e)C<sub>2</sub>í<sup>N</sup>'''''
|-
! Transitive 
| '''''C<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>eh'', ''-ó-'' / _C''' || '''''C<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>eh'', ''-ú-'' / _C''' || '''''meC<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>eh''''' || ''C<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>ífáh<sup>N</sup>''
|-
! Reflexive 
| '''''ˀiC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>áh'', ''-ó-'' / _C''' || '''''niC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>áh'', ''-ó-'' / _C''' || '''''mi<sup>N</sup>C<sub>1</sub>úC<sub>2</sub>eh''''' || '''''ˀaC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>úth<sup>N</sup>'''''
|-
! Causative 
| '''''ˀaC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>eh'', ''-ú-'' / _C''' || '''''<sup>N</sup>C<sub>1</sub>éC<sub>2</sub>eh'', ''-ú-'' / _C''' || '''''maC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>eh''''' || ''ˀaC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>úfáh<sup>N</sup>''
|}

The vowel suffixes ''-áh'' and ''-eh'' are deleted before a suffix beginning with a vowel.

Consonants in suffixes lenite after a vowel.

=====Geminate roots=====
Geminate roots are those with identical second and third radicals.

{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
! !! Perfective !! Imperfective !! Participle !! Action noun
|-
! Intransitive 
| '''''C<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>'', ''-ó-'' / _C''' || '''''C<sub>1</sub>úC<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>''''' || ''C<sub>1</sub>óC<sub>2</sub>éC<sub>2</sub>'' || '''''C<sub>1</sub>iC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub><sup>N</sup>'''''
|-
! Transitive 
| '''''C<sub>1</sub>óC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>'', ''-ó-'' / _C''' || '''''C<sub>1</sub>úC<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>2</sub>''''' || '''''meC<sub>1</sub>úC<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>2</sub>''''' || '''''C<sub>1</sub>úC<sub>2</sub>íC<sub>2</sub>áh<sup>N</sup>'''''
|-
! Reflexive 
| '''''ˀéC<sub>1</sub>iC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>'', ''-ó-'' / _C''' || '''''néC<sub>1</sub>iC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>'', ''-ó-'' / _C''' || ''mi<sup>N</sup>C<sub>1</sub>úC<sub>2</sub>áC<sub>2</sub>'' || ''ˀaC<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>óC<sub>2</sub>ath<sup>N</sup>''
|-
! Causative 
| '''''ˀáC<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>'', ''-ó-'' / _C'''  || ''<sup>N</sup>C<sub>1</sub>éC<sub>2</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>'' || '''''máC<sub>1</sub>aC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>''''' || '''''táC<sub>1</sub>uC<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>áh<sup>N</sup>'''''
|}

===Numerals===
Numerals are essentially ordinary adjectives or nouns (for 100 and higher units). Numerals larger than 10 turn their heads into the genitive case.


{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="6"|Netagin numerals
|-
!style="width: 60px; "|
!style="width: 120px; "|''n''
!style="width: 120px; "|''n''th
!style="width: 120px; "|''n'' each/at a time
!style="width: 120px; "|''n''-fold; ''n''-ad
!style="width: 120px; "|1/''n''
|-
|0
|''séphar''
|''*mesáphúr''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|1
|''hálódh''
|''mehálúdh''
|''halúdhládh''
|''halálédh''
|''-''
|-
|2
|''gáḥéz''
|''megáḥúz''
|''gaḥuzḥáz''
|''gaḥáḥéz''
|''géḥáz''
|-
|3
|''tzúbhál''
|''metzábhúl''
|''tzebhulbál''
|''tzebhábhél''
|''tzibál''
|-
|4
|''méqhátz''
|''memháqhútz''
|''meqhutzqátz''
|''meqháqhétz''
|''miqátz''
|-
|5
|''pazzím''
|''mepházúmh''
|''pezumhzámh''
|''pezázémh''
|''pizzámh''
|-
|6
|''ˀalbán''
|''melábhún''
|''lebhunbán''
|''lebhábhén''
|''libán''
|-
|7
|''qátzídh''
|''meqhátzúdh''
|''qetzudhtzádh''
|''qetzátzédh''
|''qittzádh''
|-
|8
|''cóˁáš''
|''mecháˁúš''
|''ceˁušˁáš''
|''ceˁáˁéš''
|''céˁáš''
|-
|9
|''ripúi''
|''merápheh''
|''rephuipheh''
|''rephápheh''
|''ripeh''
|-
|10
|''ḥachúbh''
|''meḥáchúbh''
|''ḥachubhcábh''
|''ḥacháchébh''
|''ḥicábh''
|-
|11
|''ḥáchúbh fa-hálódh''
|''ḥáchúbh mehálúdh''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|20
|''gáḥéz nḥachúbh''
|''megháḥúz nḥachúbh''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|100
|''méˀáh''
|''maˀáthí''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|1000
|''ˀelaph''
|''ˀalphí''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|10^6
|''ˀeqaṭomíryó, ˀeqaṭ''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|10^9
|''diseqaṭomíryó, diseq''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|}

==Grammar==
===Word order===
The constituent order defaults to SXVO/SVOX, but topicalization may promote a constituent to first position. Adjectives and genitives usually follow the noun unless they are topicalized or focalized. Genitive/possessive pronouns always precede the possessed NP.

Two types of function words can be recognized in Netagin: ''proclitics'' (coordinating conjunctions, topic/focus, etc.), which attach to the host or to another clitic and form what counts as one word, and ''relators'' (prepositions and subordinating conjunctions) which occupy second position (a.k.a. Wackernagel's position) in their dependent noun phrases or clauses.

===Nominal/Adjectival predication===
Netagin is entirely devoid of copulas. Instead one uses the topic particle ''ha-''<sup>L</sup> with the subject, and the focus particle ''ha-''<sup>N</sup> on the predicate nominal.
:{{heb|הֲזְמָלִ אֶלָּא הַגַּ֬שֻּודָה.}}
:'''''Ἁ-ζεμώλ ἐλλώ ἁ-νγασζζουδώ.'''''
:'''''Ha-zemhál ˀelláˀ ha-ngaššúdháh.'''''
:<small>TOP-person.PL.DIR NEG FOC-thing-INAN.PL.DIR</small>
:''People are not objects.''

===Predication of possession===
Predicative possession is constructed similarly to the dative construction in many languages, but the possessor is topicalized.

:{{heb|הֲאַכְדְּ חָמָה חִצָּה אַקְדֻּול.}}
:'''''Ἁ-ἄχδδ ηωμώ ηιτζζώ ἀκδδούλ.'''''
:'''''Ha-ˀachd ḥámháh ḥittzáh ˀaqhdúl.'''''
:<small>TOP-1SG.NOM exist-3PL excess.PL.DIR coin.PL.DIR</small> 
:''I have too many coins. (lit. Me-wise, there are excess coins.)''

===Relative clauses===
Netagin uses deranked relative clauses that employ a possessive construction using the action noun of the verb. Resumptive pronouns are required as oblique arguments in the RC, and may be used in subject/DO positions as well. The position of tense particles in the RC is useful for reconstructing the aspect of the clause; they are found on the most patient-like argument when the verb is perfective and the most agentive argument when the verb is imperfective.
:{{heb|הַוָרָשֹ לְאָ֬תָי דַ֬סִּילַת?}}
:'''''Ἁ-ϝωρώθζ λε-ὠθώϊ νδασσειλάθ?'''''
:'''''Ha-fháráś le-ˀáthái ndassílath?'''''
:<small>TOP=silver.SG.DIR RECENT_PAST=1PL.GEN earn/AXN-GEN</small>
:''What of the money we've been earning? [lit. as for the money of past-our earning]''

Copulative RCs (i.e. of the form "which is NP"), can be rendered with apposition (FOC=[predicate NP]).

===Clitics===
Clitics serve a diversity of functions in Netagin. The order of pre-NP clitics is as follows: attitudinal-epistemic/evidential-tense-topic/focus.
====Inpositional====
Netagin adpositions come in second position (cf. the Latin phrase ''magna '''cum''' laude'') unless the object is pronominal, in which case they are prepositional.

:{{heb|קִּ֬ב כִיםּ}}
:'''''γκιβ χειμμ'''''
:'''''qibh chím'''''
:<small>for 1SG.GEN</small>
:''for me''

:{{heb|תִּפְלוֹן אָ֬נָי תַּ֬ל אִ֬מַּת}}
:'''''θθιφλαύν νὠνώϊ νθαλ νἰμμάθ'''''
:'''''tiphlón nˀánái dtal nˀimath'''''
:<small>letter.INAN.DIR 2PL.GEN from mother-HON.GEN</small>
:''a letter from your mother''

*''tal''<sup>N</sup> [genitive]: from
*''qibh''<sup>L</sup> [genitive]: for the sake of
*''cí''<sup>L</sup> [genitive]: in order that
*''qrúth''<sup>N</sup> [genitive]: lest, in order that... not
*''ˁar''<sup>N</sup> [instrumental]: with (accompanying)
*''ˀel''<sup>N</sup> [instrumental]: without
*''déráˀ''<sup>L</sup> [accusative]: because of
*''hídh''<sup>L</sup> [accusative]: towards
*''maš''<sup>N</sup> [locative] in, within; [accusative] into
*''cel''<sup>N</sup> [locative: place; accusative: movement]: above, over
*''dón''<sup>L</sup>: on, about [genitive]; onto [accusative]
*''nótz''<sup>L</sup> [genitive place; accusative: movement]: before, in front of
*''cad<sup>L</sup>'' [locative]: when
*''tar''<sup>N</sup> [locative place; accusative: movement]: after, behind, for
*''meṭáˀ''<sup>L</sup> [locative] over, beyond; [accusative]: movement beyond, through
*''bach''<sup>N</sup>: [locative: place; accusative: movement] below, under
*''ferr''<sup>N</sup> [genitive]: between, among
*''yirin''<sup>L</sup> [genitive]: instead of

=====Usage of ''cí/qrúth/cad/nótz/tar''=====
Purpose clauses and time clauses have a [[w:Balancing and deranking|different structure]] than independent clauses. The subject is declined in the appropriate case and occupies first position, and the infinitive form is used for the verb.

:{{heb|מִּבְלוֹקֵי קְרֻות תַּקַם צָּפִיחַ}}
:'''''Μμιβλαυκαίϊ κρούθ θακαμ τζωφείαη'''''
:'''''Mibhlóqhéi qhrúth thaqhamh tzáphíaḥ'''''
:<small>ice-SG.GEN lest INF-melt early</small>
:''lest the ice melt prematurely''

Pronominal subjects follow the conjunction:

:{{heb|תַּר נֻו לָט!}}
:'''''Θθαρ νου λώτ!'''''
:'''''Tar nú láṭh!'''''
:<small>after 2PC.ACC INF.die.PFV</small>
:''After you die! (hostile response to a command/request)''

====Discourse====
*{{Heb|הֲ-}} ''ha-''<sup>L</sup>: topic/vocative
*{{Heb|הַ-}} ''ha-''<sup>N</sup>: focus
*{{Heb|דֵּי}} ''dé''<sup>L</sup>: "after all"
*{{heb|הֵן}} ''hén''<sup>L</sup>: tag question

====Epistemic====
*{{Heb|טִּםּ}} ''ṭim'': certainty
*{{Heb|קָּש}} ''qáš'': deductive/inferential
*{{Heb|כֲּ-}} ''ca-''<sup>L</sup>: possibility
*{{Heb|הֵג}} ''hégh'': doubt
====Evidential====
*''bél'': witnessed
*''ˁatáˀ'': hearsay
*''tzúl'': axiomatic

====Tense====
Tense marking can be omitted depending on the context; it is most often marked on the most patientive argument available if the verb is perfective, and on the most agentive argument if the verb is imperfective.

*{{Heb|ל-}} ''l-'': recent past
*{{Heb|ש-}} ''š-'': remote (historical or more than ~20 years ago) past
*{{heb|בֶּן-}} ''ben'': future

====Attitudinal====
*''nac''<sup>L</sup>: happiness
*''šú''<sup>N</sup>: entreaty for empathy
*''ˀich''<sup>L</sup>: optative
*''dim''<sup>L</sup>: hope
*''qrúth''<sup>N</sup>: fear, 'lest'

===Number===
There exist three numbers in Netagin: singular ({{sc|sg}}) representing one object, paucal ({{sc|pc}}) for a few, and plural ({{sc|pl}}) for many. The paucal form usually denotes two to nine items, but the boundary between paucal and plural is quite fluid; a paucal could be used for a larger number for contrast with a much larger number of things. The plural number in pronouns also serves as an honorific; complementarily, using paucal pronouns where a plural is expected entails a "dishonorific", humble or pejorative meaning. 

====Nominal number====
Nouns are declined for all three numbers.

====Verbal number====
''Pluractionality'' denotes that an action is performed a plural (as opposed to singular or paucal) number of times or places, or the number of objects is plural. Pluractionality with a second person object, or lack of pluractionality with a first person object, may also be used to indicate politeness.

===Politeness/Honorific===
Honorific suffixes on nouns indicate that the speaker raises the referent, accompanied by a rise above the speaker (only for animates) in animacy.

:{{heb|אִךְ בֲתֻורָה תֵּרְנַף.}}
:'''''Ἰχ Βαθουρώ θθαρνάφ.'''''
:'''''ˀIch Bhathúráh tarnaph.'''''
:<small>ˀich-L báthúr-áh Ø-t-[r-n-p]/ˀaCCaC</small>
:<small>OPT deity-HON.DIR <abbr title="3.HON to 1">DIR-(1,3)</abbr>-attest/CAUS.PFV</small>
:''God be my witness.''

===Cases===
All cases have prepositions that govern them.
====Direct====
The direct case ({{sc|dir}}) marks a core argument of a verb, either subject or direct object. It should be noted that Netagin marks the ''recipient'' (usually the more animate patient), rather than the ''theme'' (the less animate patient), of most ditransitive verbs with the direct case; Netagin is thus a dechticaetiative language. Pronouns, unlike nouns, distinguish nominative ({{sc|nom}}) and accusative ({{sc|acc}}). The direct/accusative case is the case governed by prepositions that originate from verbs.

====Genitive====
The genitive case ({{sc|gen}}) indicates possession, origin, cause, or concern. It is used also appositionally (in the order {{sc|noun-genitive}}), where English would use a compound. The genitive case also has partitive uses.

====Instrumental====
The instrumental ({{sc|ins}}) indicates instrument/means or comitation (with certain prepositions; the bare instrumental can optionally be used as a comitative for pronouns). What is considered the direct object of ditransitive constructions in dative languages is most often cast in the instrumental in Netagin. (Netagin, although a dechticaetiative language, does not have a dedicated dechticaetiative case.)

====Locative====
The locative or allative case ({{sc|loc}}) marks location or destination (often with locational prepositions), spatial, temporal or abstract. Some ditransitive verbs cause their themes to take the locative.

===Hierarchy===
Person, animacy and social status are all factors in the hierarchical person marking. The hierarchy is:

2.honorific > 3.honorific > 1 > 2.familiar > 3.familiar > 0 > 3.inanimate

By default the direction of transitivity is assumed to be from higher to lower animacy. Generally when a less animate participant acts on a more animate one, the verb is required to take an inverse-marking affix.

===Conjunctions===
Subordinating conjunctions always come in second position.
*''fa-'' (''fu-'' / _C[+labial]): and (nominal/adjectival)
*''ˀis'': and (sentential)
*''mó'': or
*''ˀach'': but
*''ˀóth'': but/rather
*''ṭú<sup>L</sup>'': that [complement clause]
*''haṭhú<sup>L</sup>'': if
*''ˀaph'': although, even if
*''bar<sup>L</sup>'': then
*''gún<sup>N</sup>'': because
*''habhráˀ<sup>L</sup>'': so, therefore

==Dictionary==
''Please see [[Netagin/Dictionary]].''

[[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:A priori]]