View source for Liu

{{WIP}}
{{Language|
| English = Liu
| native = Liu
| dialect English =
| dialect native =
| country =
| nativecountry =
| universe =
| speakers =
| family =
| branch =
| subbranch =
| word-order =
| morphological-type = 
| morphosyntactic-alignment = nominative-accusative
| author = [[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]]
| date =
| background-color = white
| heading-background = coral
| width =
}}


== Phonology and phonotactics==
<br/>
<div style="text-align: center;">

{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;"
!colspan=17 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Consonants
|- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em"
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Nasals || || {{IPA|m}} || || || || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || || || ||
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Plosives || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Affricates, clusters and other || || || || || {{IPA|ts}} || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ks}} || {{IPA|kʷ}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Fricatives || || || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || || || {{IPA|s}} || || || || || || || || {{IPA|h}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Approximants || || || || || || || || {{IPA|ɹ}}|| || || ||
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}}
|}

</div>

<br/>
<div style="text-align: center;">

{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;"
!colspan=11 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Vowels
|- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em"
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Near-back ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| High || {{IPA|i}} || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|u}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| High-mid || {{IPA|e}} || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|o}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Mid || || || || || || || || || || 
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Low-mid || || || || || || || || || || 
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Low || {{IPA|a}} || || || || || || || || ||
|}

</div>

The syllable structure is (C)(C)(C)V(V/{{IPA|ː}})(C)(C). Liu has phonemic vowel and consonant length constrast. Stress is random.

== Grammars ==
=== Nouns ===
Liu has three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. Masculine nouns usually end with -e or -o, and feminines with -a. Neuter nouns have no particular ending.

There are four kinds of number: singular, plural, pair and uncountable. The pair, which is not the same as dual, is used about things that consists of two parts (like scissors, pants) or usually appear in pairs (such as gloves, eyes, twins). The singular number has zero marking, while the others are formed by adding suffixes as shown below.

In the following tables, the column "Replace with..." shows which suffix is added, depending on what letter(s) the word ends with, as indicated on the column "If word ends with..." If the suffix is preceded by a -, it means that it completely replaces the end of the word specified under "If word ends with..." If it is precided by a + on the other hand, it means that the suffix does not replace the end of the word, but is just added on after it. V stands for any vowel and C for any consonant. The symbols 0, ♂ and ♀ specify words that have the neuter, masculine resp. feminine gender.

{| border=1 style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: left; background: white; border: 1pt solid #000000;"
|+ colspan=17 style="text-align:center; background: white;"| Forming the plural
|- style="vertical-align: center; width: 25px; font-size: 100%; height: 2em; border: 1pt solid #000000"
! If word ends with...
! Replace with...
|-
| -a || -i
|-
| -e || -i
|-
| -á,é,i,ó,ú || -í
|-
|valign="top" | -í
| 0 -íu <br>♂ -ío <br>♀ -ía
|-
| -o || -oi
|-
| -u || -ui
|-
|valign="top" | -C
| 0 +i <br>♂ +o <br>♀ +a
|-
| -(V)VV || -aia
|}

==== Cases ====
Liu has five cases, of which only the accusative is inflectional.<br>
<br>
'''Nominative'''<br>
The nominative has zero marking, and it is used for the agent and causer semantic roles.<br>
<br>
'''Accusative'''<br>
The accusative stands for the semantic roles of patient, range and result. When it comes to range and result, if the noun is derived from the verb (or vice versa), the sentence is more preferrably expressed intransitively, instead of having to repeat the same word root, as in the English sentence "They <u>sang</u> a <u>song</u>". The accusative case is expressed with different suffixes, depending on the gender and number of the noun.
{| border=1 style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: left; background: white; border: 1pt solid #000000;"
|+ colspan=17 style="text-align:center; background: white;"| Forming the accusative case
|- style="vertical-align: center; width: 25px; font-size: 100%; height: 2em; border: 1pt solid #000000"
! If word ends with...
! Replace with...
|-
| 0 sg. -u,ui* || -ú
|-
| 0 sg. -(V)(V)V || -u
|-
| 0 sg. -C || +u
|-
| 0 pl. -i,oi || -ui
|-
| 0 pl. -íu || -iu
|-
| 0 pl. -aia || -uai
|-
| ♂ sg. -(V)(V)o || -uo
|-
| ♂ sg. -(V)(V)V || -ue
|-
| ♂ sg. -C || +ue
|-
| ♂ pl. -i || -iu
|-
| ♂ pl. -ío || -iou
|-
| ♂ pl. -oi || -ou
|-
| ♂ pl. -ui || -ue
|-
| ♂ pl. -aia || -uie
|-
| ♀ sg. -(V)(V)V || -ua
|-
| ♀ sg. -C || +ua
|-
| ♀ pl. -a || -au
|-
| ♀ pl. -ía || -iau
|-
| ♀ pl. -oi || -ou
|-
| ♀ pl. -ui || -ua
|-
| ♀ pl. -aia || -uia
|}
<span style="color:Red">'''Pair and uncountable missing!!! Also, examples needed!!!'''</span><br>
<nowiki>*</nowiki>On this table, long vowels are treated the same as short ones. For example, neuter singular nouns ending with -ú will get the same suffix as neuter singular nouns ending with -u.<br>
<br>
'''Dative'''<br>
The dative is used for the dative and beneficiary semantic roles. It is usually expressed with the preposition ''des'' (meaning "for"), but it can also be expressed by the preposition ''pseu'' (approximately meaning "instead of"). <span style="color:Red">'''Two examples missing!!!'''</span><br>
<br>
'''Genitive'''<br>
The genitive is expressed as "''possessed thing'' PREP ''possessor''". <span style="color:Red">'''Proper terms needed!!!'''</span> There are three different preposition that are used depending on the gender of the possessor. For masculines ''do'' is used, <span style="color:Red">'''The rest of the genitive prepositions needs to be filled in!!! Also, examples needed!!!'''</span><br>
<br>
'''Instrumental'''
The instrumental, obviously, stands for the sematic role of instrument. It is expressed with the preposition ''con''. <span style="color:Red">'''Example missing!!!'''</span>

=== Pronouns ===
{| border=1 style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: left; background: white; border: 1pt solid #000000;"
|+ colspan=17 style="text-align:center; background: white;"| Pronouns
|- style="vertical-align: center; width: 25px; font-size: 100%; height: 2em; border: 1pt solid #000000"
! Type of pronoun
! 1<sup>st</sup> person
! 2<sup>nd</sup> person
! 3<sup>rd</sup> person
! Interrogative
|-
! Personal pronouns, singular
| ♂ í (I)<br>♀ il (I)|| ♂ deu (you)<br>♀ lú (you) || 0 <span style="color:Red">'''Pronoun missing!!!'''</span> (he/she)<br>♂ ene (he)<br>♀ sá (she) || quo (who)
|-
! Personal pronouns, plural
| 0 inesse (we)<br>♂ íne (we)<br>♀ íla (we) || 0 vesse (you)<br>♂ deute (you)<br>♀ lúla (you) || 0 ènèsse (they)<br>♂ enê (they)<br>♀ sála (they) || qio (who)
|-
! Personal pronouns, reflexive
| ♂ íni (myself/ourselves) <br>♀ ílas (myself/ourselves) || ♂ dima (yourself/yourselves)<br>♀ líma (yourself/yourselves) || 0 ènèssas (himself/herself/themselves)<br>♂ enês (himself/herself/themselves)<br>♀ sálas (himself/herself/themselves) || quos (who ... himself/herself/themselves)
|-
! Location
| aqa (here) || líme (there) || ''same as 2<sup>nd</sup> person'' || qed (where)
|-
! Temporal
| an (now/then)<sup>1</sup> || en (then)<sup>2</sup> || ''same as 2<sup>nd</sup> person'' || qin (when)
|-
! Impersonal pronouns, singular
| 0 anda (this)<br>♂ aro (this)<br>♀ ilma (this) || 0 esses (that)<br>♂ deule (that)<br>♀ liqo (that) || ''same as 2<sup>nd</sup> person'' || qava (what)
|-
! Impersonal pronouns, plural
| 0 andi (these)<br>♂ aroli (these)<br>♀ ilmi (these) || 0 esse (those)<br>♂ deuli (those)<br>♀ liqoli (those) || ''same as 2<sup>nd</sup> person'' || qavi (which)
|-
! Impersonal pronouns, pair
| 0 andi (these)<br>♂ ari (these)<br>♀ ilmi (these) || 0 essesi (those)<br>♂ deuli (those)<br>♀ liqi (those) || ''same as 2<sup>nd</sup> person'' || ''same as plural''
|-
! Impersonal pronouns, uncountable
| adassa (this) || issi (this) || ''same as 2<sup>nd</sup> person'' || qissi (which)
|-
! Determiner, singular
| 0 anor (this)<br>♂ ahon (this)<br>♀ ihon (this) || 0 esnor (that)<br>♂ deuson (that)<br>♀ lison (that) || ''same as 2<sup>nd</sup> person'' || qesnor (which)
|-
! Determiner, plural
| 0 anori (these)<br>♂ ahoni (these)<br>♀ ihoni (these) || 0 esnori (those)<br>♂ deusoni (those)<br>♀ lisoni (those) || ''same as 2<sup>nd</sup> person'' || qesnori (which)
|-
! Determiner, pair
| 0 anori (these)<br>♂ ahi (these)<br>♀ ihoni (these) || 0 esnori (those)<br>♂ deusoni (those)<br>♀ lini (those) || ''same as 2<sup>nd</sup> person'' || qesnori (which)
|-
! Determiner, uncountable
| anossa (this) || inissi (that) || ''same as 2<sup>nd</sup> person'' || qenissi (which)
|-
! Manner
| inissivi (this way) || visili (that way) || ''same as 2<sup>nd</sup> person'' || dimi (which way)
|-
! Reason
| asto (this is why) || esto (that is why) || ''same as 2<sup>nd</sup> person'' || qo (why)
|}
<sup>1</sup>This word is used about an event mentioned by the speaker.
<sup>2</sup>This word is used about an event mentioned by the 2<sup>nd</sup> or 3<sup>rd</sup> person.

{| border=1 style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: left; background: white; border: 1pt solid #000000;"
|+ colspan=17 style="text-align:center; background: white;"| Quantifiers
|- style="vertical-align: center; width: 25px; font-size: 100%; height: 2em; border: 1pt solid #000000"
! Type of quantifier
! Inclusive
! Exclusive
! Universal
! Negative
|-
! Personal pronoun, singular
| cuoiduin (anyone) || parduin (someone) || - || induin (no one)
|-
! Personal pronoun, plural
| cuoiduini (anyone) || parduini (some people) || panduin (everyone) || induini (no one)
|-
! Determiner, singular
| cuoi (any) || para (some) || omnos (every) || inno (no)
|-
! Determiner, plural
| cuoi (any) || pari (some) || omnosi (all) || inni (no)
|-
! Determiner, pair
| ci (any pair of) || pri (some pair of) || omi (every/all) || inni (no)
|-
! Determiner, uncountable
| cuoisi (any) || parasi (some) || omnosi (all) || insi (no)
|-
! Inanimate, singular
| cuoicuail (anything) || parcuail (something) || - || incuail (nothing)
|-
! Inanimate, plural
| cuoicuaili (any things) || parcuaili (some things) || omnicuail (everything) || incuaili (nothing)
|-
! Inanimate, pair
| cuoici (any) || parci (some) || ambo (every pair) || inci (none)
|-
! Inanimate, uncountable
| cuoisi (any) || parsi (some) || omnisi (everything) || insi (nothing)
|-
! Location
| cuoiloca (anywhere) || parloca (somewhere) || omniloca (everywhere) || inloca (nowhere)
|-
! Temporal
| cuoimentè (anytime) || parmentè (sometime) || panmentè (every time) || inmentè (never)
|-
! Manner
| cuoili (anyway/anyhow) || parali (someway/somehow) || omnili (every way) || inili (no way)
|-
! Reason
| cuoisto (anywhy/by any reason) || parsto (somewhy/for some reason) || - || insto (for no reason)
|}