View source for Classical Arithide adpositions

Due to the extensive inflectionary marking in [[Classical Arithide]], the number of adpositions in common use is very few, although for purposes of scansion, some archaic ones can still be seen in poetry, sometimes in redundancy; the adpositions were revived, however, in [[Modern Arithide]], as postpositions.

==Appendent adpositions==

The appendent adpositions (or postpositions), so called because they are appended to the connective case of nouns, are in more widespread use than the standalone prepositions. Forming discrete nouns from the root which carry specific positional or lative denotations, they include the following common ones:

*'''ānos, ān''' temporal locative, not added to nouns denoting time; this effectively makes a new noun, which is then declined accordingly
**'''''Taitiān natāno''' medeon.'' '''When it is night''' we shall wait '''for it to be day''' (lit. for daytime). (Casubus)
**'''''Filān''' eiēs nis obissimna.'' His wine disappears '''when he is with his friends''' (lit. when friend-time).
**'''''Serrānis''' syndrēs itor evta.'' The sins '''of power''' (lit. of when powerful) reveal the man.
*'''dolos, dolō''' "around"
**'''''Alladolō''' siethē sena.'' There are flowers '''around (surrounding) the city'''. (See also the next section)
*'''innos, innum''' "top"
**'''''Epsolinnum''' lārēs sena.'' There is a clock '''on''' (top of the) building.
**cf. '''''Epsolum''' lārēs sena.'' There is a clock '''on''' (the face of etc. but not the top of) the building.
*'''iros, irae''' "towards"
**''Fēnus '''kirirae''' abulae!'' (We) will march '''towards the abode''' of the gods! (Haratus, ''Orations'')
*'''iros, iri''' "within, inside" (inessive marker)
**''Sitin '''roimiri kithiri''' flēgos faeos pēda.'' "In this frail body there lies a robust mind." (Haratus, ''Orations'')
*'''isos, isae''' "against, counter"
**'''''Kodherisae''' sōpedēs solmē togite.'' The soldiers fought bitterly '''against the enemy'''.
*'''men, menum''' "in front of"
**''Egna viringa '''dagemenum''' dakte.'' The black sedan stopped '''in front of the house'''.
*'''stera, strera''' "beside"
**''Savlutē '''orestrera''' rodēor arifti.'' Grass grows better '''beside a river'''. (Proverb)
*'''tandos, tandum''' ''below"
**'''''Saluntandum''' augulē soni.'' (We) live meagrely '''under the heavens'''. (Pladisian, ''Verses'')

In each of the above cases appending the noun form of the adposition forms an adpositional noun that is usually a circumlocution of another noun (e.g. ''saluntandos'' "the place under the heavens", instead of ''saluntandum'', is an alternative of ''halagos'' "earth, the mortal world").

==Standalone adpositions==

Most standalone adpositions govern a designated case or several designated cases; the latter situation indicates multiple, usually related, meanings canvassed under the preposition concerned.

*'''ansa''' ''+ accusative'' "before (adverbial)"{{footnote|2}}
**'''''Ōssi ansa''' dōno eneōne.'' She had hoped that her son would return '''before she dies'''. ''(i.e. she is still living, but has given up)''
**cf. '''''Ōssi ansa''' dōn eneōne.'' She had hoped that her son would return '''before he died'''. ''(i.e. son still living, but she has given up)''
*'''ansa''' ''+ temporal locative ablative'' (see previous section) "before (independent)"{{footnote|2}}
**'''''Ōssirānōn ansa''' dōno eneōne.'' '''Before she died''', she had hoped that her son would return. ''(i.e. she is dead)''
**cf. '''''Ōssirānōn ansa''' dōn eneōne.'' '''Before he died''', she had hoped that her son would return. ''(i.e. son is dead)''
*'''dolō''' ''+ ablative'' "around"
**'''''Dolō allior''' siethē sena.'' There are flowers '''all about the city'''. (See also the previous section.)
*'''paro''' or '''par''' ''+ ablative'' "about, regarding"
**'''''Par''' kossināt '''zierrēn''' nam '''dialōn''' fēnus segera.'' Of humans who have fallen (lit. fallen humans) and the rise of the gods (I) write. (Daldaian the Younger, ''Songs'')
*'''syba''' ''+ accusative'' "after (adverbial)"{{footnote|2}}
**'''''Leidoro syba''' fādou dōno Tētio te illossa.'' The father wants to name his son "Tētios" '''after he is born'''.
*'''syba''' ''+ temporal locative ablative'' (see next section) "after (independent)"{{footnote|2}}
**'''''Leidorānōn syba''' okkor assiera kurrebimna.'' '''Since he was born''' (lit. since birth) he has always quarrelled with his sister.
*'''syn''' ''+ ablative'' "by (agentive)"
**'''''Syn''' nossavī '''pitōn''' durosta.'' (They) were planted '''by a man''' whom we do not know.
*'''syn''' ''+ instrumental'' "with (accompaniment)"
**'''''Syn filetis''' (etel) euris vagate.'' (He) had gone to the park (together) '''with his/a friend'''.
*'''te''' ''+ accusative'' direct quotation particle
**''Leidoro syba fādou dōno '''Tētio te''' illossa.'' The father wants to name his son '''"Tētios"''' after he is born.

{{footnote|2}} The difference between the adverbial and the independent variants of these clauses is that the latter must refer only to the topic of the sentence, while the former can apply to the topic, the subject or the object, however desired.

==See also==

*[[Classical Arithide]]
*[[Classical Arithide grammar]]
*[[Classical Arithide declension]]
*[[Classical Arithide conjugation]]
*[[Classical Arithide adjectives]]
*[[Classical Arithide adverbs]]
*[[Classical Arithide determiners]]
*[[Classical Arithide pro-forms]]

[[Category: Ilethes]]
[[Category: Languages of Ilethes]]
[[Category: Arithide]]