View source for Liwadi: Phonology

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==Table of Phonemes==
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
! IPA
! /h/
! /χ/
! /ɣ/
! /w/
! /o/
! /u/
! /k/
! /g/
! /ŋ/
! /t/
! /d/
! /θ/
! /ð/
! /p/
! /b/
! /ɸ/
! /β/
! /s/
! /z/
! /j/
! /i/
! /e/
! /ɛ/
! /ä/
! /n/
! /m/
! /l/
! /ɾ/
! /ʔ/
|-
! Latin
| H h
| ḳ
| ġ
| W w
| O o
| U u
| K k
| G g
| Ń ń
| T t
| D d
| ṭ
| ḍ
| P p
| B b
| ṗ
| ḃ
| S s
| Z z
| Y y
| I i
| E e
| ė
| A a
| N n
| M m
| L l
| R r
| ʻ
|-
! Arabic
| {{Color|blue|ح}}
| خ
| ݗ
|{{Color|blue|و}}
| ۄ
| ۆ
|{{Color|blue|ک}}
| ݢ
| گ
|{{Color|blue|ط}}
| ظ
| د 
| ذ
|{{Color|blue|ٮ}}
| ﺏ
| ڡ
| ڢ
|{{Color|blue|ص}}
| ض
|{{Color|blue|ی}}
| ي
| ه
| 
| ا
|{{Color|blue|ن}}
| م
| ل
| ر
| ع
|-
! Name
| Ha<br>حا
| Ḳa<br>خا
| Ġa<br>ݗا
| Wa<br>وا
| Wo<br>وۄ
| Wu<br>وۆ
| Kaf<br>کا
| Gaf<br>ݢا
| Ńaf<br>گا
| Ta<br>طا
| Da<br>ظا
| Ṭa<br>دا
| Ḍa<br>ذا
| Pa<br>ٮا
| Ba<br>با
| Ṗa<br>ڡا
| Ḃa<br>ڢا
| Sa<br>صا
| Za<br>ضا
| Ya<br>ىا
| Yi<br>ىي
| Ye<br>ىه
| Yė<br>ىٰ
| Alif<br>ا
| Nun<br>نۆن
| Mim<br>ميم
| Lam<br>لام
| Ra<br>را
| ʻan<br>عان
|}

*The letters are ordered in an arrangement wherein letters are grouped together by similarity of shape.
*The consonants in {{Color|blue|blue}} are those used as numerals in the octal numeral system.


==Phonology==
===Consonant Chart===
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
! 
!
! Bilabial
! Dental
! Alveolar
! Palatal
! Glottal
|-
! rowspan="2" | Nasals
! voiceless
| 
| 
| 
| 
|
|-
! voiced
| m /m/ م 
| n /n/ ن
| 
| ń /ŋ/ گ <sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup>
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | Stops
! voiceless
| p /p/ ٮ <sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup>
| t /t/ ط
| 
| k /k/ ک <sup>{{Color|red|5}}</sup>
| ʻ /ʔ/ ع
|-
! voiced
| b /b/ ﺏ
| d /d/ ظ <sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup>
| 
| g /g/ ݢ <sup>{{Color|red|6}}</sup>
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fricatives
! voiceless
| f /ɸ/ ڡ
| ṭ /θ/ د
| s /s/ ص <sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup>
| ḳ /ɣ/ خ
| h /h/ ح <sup>{{Color|red|7}}</sup>
|-
! voiced
| ḃ /β/ ڢ
| ḍ /ð/ ذ
| z /z/ ض
| ġ /χ/ ݗ
| 
|-
! rowspan="2" | Sonorants
! voiceless
|
| 
|
|
| 
|-
! voiced 
| w /w/ و
| l /l/ ل
|
| y /j/ ی
|
|-
! Tap
! voiced
|
|
| r /ɾ/ ر
|
|
|}

====Notes:====
*<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> Dotless [[Wikipedia:Bet (letter)#Arabic bāʾ|
Beh]] <ٮ> is assigned the value /p/.
*<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> <ظ> /d/ is taken from the Shughni alphabet [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/shughni.htm].
*<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> <ص> /s/ and <ض> /z/ are taken from the Belarusian alphabet [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/belarusian.htm].
*<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup> Taken from the Khorasanic Turkic <نگ> /ŋ/ [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/khorasaniturkic.htm].
*<sup>{{Color|red|5}}</sup> The [[Wikipedia:Urdu alphabet|Urdu]] Kāf /k/.
*<sup>{{Color|red|6}}</sup> The [[Wikipedia:Jawi alphabet|Malay]] Ga /g/.
*<sup>{{Color|red|7}}</sup> <ح> /h/ is taken from the Indus Kohistani alphabet [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/induskohistani.htm].


===Vowel Chart===
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!
! Front
! Central
! Back
|-
! Close
| i /i/ ي
|
| u /u/ ۆ <sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup>
|-
! Near-close
|
|
| 
|-
! Close-mid
| e /e/ ه <sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup>
| 
| o /o/ ۄ <sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup>
|-
! Open-mid
| ė /ɛ/ <sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup>
| 
| 
|-
! Open
| 
| a /ä/ ا
|
|}
===Notes:===
*<sup>{{Color|red|1}}</sup> From the Bosnian alphabet [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/bosnian.htm].
*<sup>{{Color|red|2}}</sup> Since this vowel cannot occur alone in a syllable, a diacritic is used, ''e.g.'', صٰ, '''sė'''.
*<sup>{{Color|red|3}}</sup> From the Bosnian alphabet.
*<sup>{{Color|red|4}}</sup> The Kashmiri /ɔ/ [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ۄ].


==Alphabet - '''Hawak حاواک'''==
*The Liwadi alphabet ('''hawak''' حاواک) has 29 [[Wikipedia:Grapheme|graphemes]] ('''oń''' ۄگ) which represent 29 [[Wikipedia:Phoneme|phonemes]] ('''nihoń''' نيحۄگ).
*As the Liwadis had no writing when discovered by the space travelers, a written alphabet was created by the anthropologists who were on the voyage. As they were Egyptian, they used the Arabic alphabet. I have transliterated them into the Latin alphabet for this study.
*The 17 fundamental consonants are h, w, k, g, ń, t, d, p, b, s, z, y, n, m, l, r and ʻ.
*When the six stop consonants [[Wikipedia:Begadkefat|(k, g , t, d, p, b)]] precede a consonant, they are [[Wikipedia:Lenition|lenited]] to the corresponding fricative. These are indicated by writing the letter with a dot over or under (ḳ, ġ , ṭ, ḍ, ṗ, ḅ).
*The vowel inventory consists of the six vowels a, e, ė, i, o, and u. By not using diacritics only to represent these sounds, the Arabic [[Wikipedia:Abjad|abjad]] has been made into an alphabet.


[[Liwadi: Syntax]]