Talk:Uínlītska
My notes in progress.
Write up a section on Fflᵫ́ttēȝ
Summary
Looks like the following will be needed:
- Maybe a distinct /kʷ/ phoneme
- Some kind of distinct verb paradigms based on semantic transitivity of the VP
- ... or go the Ojibwe way, with separate indicative, subordinate, and "other" (IIRC) paradigms
- Maybe a length distinction in stops
- Use -s, and maybe other fricatives, to mark the Obv
- Regularize a lot. Seven verb paradigms and who-knows-how-many noun paradigms is too many. Aim for about 4 of each.
- According to current sound changes, verbs can be reduced to 2 or 3 paradigms, or maybe all the way to 1
- Could probably stand to lose some more consonants
ON Phonology
Consonants
| p b | t d | k ɡ | ||
| f | s | θ ð | (x) | h |
| r l | ||||
| m | n | |||
| w | j |
Per Wikipedia
Vowels
| i iː | y yː | u uː | |
| eː | o oː | ||
| ɛ ɛː | œ œː | ||
| æ æː | ɑ ɑː | ɒ ɒː | |
Per BPJ plus /æ/, /æː/ from Wikipedia
Sandbox
en með því at þeim líkaði svá at hafa eða þar viðr auka, þá skrifaða ek þessa of it sama far, fyr útan ættar-tǫlu ok konunga-ævi.
en mez hluí ad hlejm lígazi suá ad hafa eza hlá uizli auga, hlá sgifaza eg hlesta øf id sama fá, fí iudā et·adølø øg gønø̄kaheui.
en mez ɬwiː ɑd̥ ɬejm liːg̊ɑzi swɑː ɑd̥ hɑfɑ ezɑ ɬɑː wizli ɑwg̊ɑ, ɬɑː sg̊ifɑzɑ eg̊ ɬestɑ əf id̥ sɑmɑ fɑː, fiː iwd̥ɑ̃ et·ɑd̥ələ əg̊ g̊ənə̃kɑhewi.
Inuktitut
Word structure is something like C?V(:|j|w)?C?(CV(:|j|w)?C?)*
Consonants
| p | t | k ɡ | q ɢ | |||
| s | ɬ | h | ||||
| m | n | ŋ | ɴ | |||
| v | l | j | ɟ |
Vowels
| i iː | u uː | |
| ɑ ɑː |
Sandhi
Morphology that creates CCC sequences always has a deletion rule. For Finlaesk, this will probably become phonemic CCC sequences, due to the odd couple of polysegmental phonemes.
Sandhi occurs by "Manner of Articulation" (voiced, voiceless, or nasal). E.g. /ipti/ is legal, but /inti/ and /iqgi/ are not. Generally, this is done by regressive assimilation, maybe to the point of gemination. Some Greenlandic forms tend to use progressive assimilation. Some consonants in C1C2 sequences force C2:, which varies from dialect to dialect.
Grammar Points
Fully productive dual in verbal inflection. Is it saner to fall back to PN or PIE dual paradigm, or to borrow or mimic the Inukt pattern?
Verbs inflect via Conjugation I for Intransitives and Transitives with indefinite Direct Objects or Proper Noun DOs, and via Conjugation II for Transitives with definite non-Proper-Noun DOs. Actually, it's a bit more complificational, but that's enough gist for now.
Algonquian
Proto-Algonquian
Word structure is
Consonants
| p | t | k | ʔ | |
| s | ʃ | h | ||
| tʃ | ||||
| ɬ | ||||
| r | ||||
| m | n | |||
| w | j |
Vowels
| i iː | ||
| e eː | o oː | |
| ɑ ɑː |
The allowable consonant clusters are /rp/, /rk/, /ʔtʃ/, /ʔɬ/, /ʔs/, /ʔʃ/, /ʔr/, /ʔm/, /ʃp/, /ʃt/, /ʃk/, /tp/, /tk/, /rk/, /ɬp/, /ɬk/, or any cluster with a first constituent of /h/ or a (POA-assimilated) nasal and a second constituent of any consonant other than /m/, /n/, /w/ or /j/.
Several allophonic processes, morphophonemic processes, and phonological constraints can be reconstructed. /t/ and /ɬ/ became /ʃ/ and /tʃ/ before /i/, /iː/, or /j/. Of the short vowels, only /e/ and /a/ occurred in the first syllable of a word, and all words ended in a short vowel. Semivowels preceded by a consonant could not be followed by /o/ or /oː/. The pronominal prefixes, /ne/, /ke/, and /we/ became /net/, /ket/, and /wet/ when followed by a vowel.
Ojibwe
Word structure seems to be V?(CC?V)+(CC?)?
Resources
http://www.uwec.edu/AIS/Baraga_Ojibwe_Grammar_Index.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwe_grammar
Consonants
| p b | t d | k ɡ | ʔ | |
| s z | ʃ ʒ | h | ||
| tʃ dʒ | ||||
| m | n | |||
| j | ɰ |
The phoneme /n/ allophonically becomes /ŋ/ immediately before the velars /k/, /g/, /ɰ/
The allowable medial consonant clusters are /mb/, /nd/, /ŋg/, /nj/, /nz/, /ns/, /nʒ/, /sk/, /ʃp/, /ʃt/ and /ʃk/, or any cluster with a second element of /ɰ/. The allowable final consonant clusters are /nd/, /ŋg/, /nj/, /ns/, /nʒ/ and /ʃk/. Initial consonant clusters are disallowed.
Vowels
Short
| ɪ | ||
| ə | o |
Long
| iː | ||
| eː | oː | |
| ɑː |
Long vowels may be nasalized, either phonemically or allophonically (before /nj/ where both cons are deleted, before nasal+fricative clusters with nasal deletion in most dialects -- in some dialects, nasalization allophony occurs before all fricatives), and short vowels may be allophonically nasalized. That seems like a curious set of assertions to make, but Wikipedia Is Never Wrong™.
Person
The full suite of person distinctions in Ojibwe verbs is essentially one distinguishing person, animacy, number, inclusivity, and proximality, thus:
- 1 sg
- 1 incl pl
- 1 excl pl
- 2 sg
- 2 pl
- 3 inan prox sg
- 3 inan prox pl
- 3 inan obv sg
- 3 inan obv pl
- 3 an prox sg
- 3 an prox pl
- 3 an obv sg
- 3 an obv pl
- Unspecified/unknown
Mahican
Word structure seems to be
Consonants
| p | t | k | kʷ | ||
| s | ʃ | x | h | ||
| ts | tʃ | ks | |||
| m | n | ||||
| j | w |
The phoneme /kʷ/ allophonically becomes /kʰ/ word-finally.
Vowels
| iː | ||
| e | ə | oː |
| ɛ | ||
| a aː ã |
| iːw | |
| ew | |
| aw |
| ej |
| aj |
Maliseet
Word structure seems to be
Consonants
| p pː b | t tː d | k kː g | kʷ kʷː gʷ | ||
| s sː z | h | ||||
| tʃ tːʃ dʒ | |||||
| m | n | ||||
| l | j | w |
The phonemes /kʷ/, /gʷ/ allophonically become /kʰ/, /gʰ/ word-finally.
Voiceless stops, fricatives, and affricates are voiced when purely intervocalic (i.e. /ɑpɑ/ -> /ɑbɑ/, but /ɑmpɑ/ -> /ɑmpɑ/).
Voicing is only phonemic word-initially.
Geminated stops, fricatives, and affricates do not occur word-initially.
Vowels
| i | u | |
| ə | ||
| ɛ | ||
| æ | ɑ |
| iw | |
| ɛw | |
| aw |
| ɛj |
| aj |
Abenaki
Word structure seems to be
Consonants
| p pː | t tː | k kː | kʷ kʷː | ||
| s z | h | ||||
| ts dz | tʃ dʒ | ||||
| m | n | ||||
| l | j | w |
The phonemes /kʷ/, /kʷː/ allophonically become /kʰ/, /kʰː/ word-finally.
Stops are not distinguished by voice, only by gemination.
Vowels
| i iː | u | |
| ə | o oː | |
| ɛ | ɔ̃ | |
| ɑ ɑː |
| iw | |
| aw |
| oj | |
| aj |
Innu-aimun
Word structure is
Consonants
| p | t | k | kʷ | |
| s | ʃ | h | ||
| tʃ | ||||
| m | n | ʷm |
Stops are voiced intervocalically. The phoneme /ʷm/ is pronounced [m], but triggers rounding of preceeding vowels. What this means yet, I don't know, since there are already rounded vowels in the language, and not all unrounded vowels have obvious rounded counterparts, at least not phonemically.
Vowels
| i | u | |
| ɪ | ʊ | |
| e | ə | o |
| ɛ | ʌ | |
| a |
Iroquoian
Mohawk
Consonants
| t | k | ʔ | |
| s | h | ||
| dʒ | |||
| n | |||
| l | j | w |
Consonant clusters:
-tt, kt, -ʔt, st, -ht, tk, kk, -ʔk, sk, -hk, -ʔʤ, -hʤ, ts, ks, -ʔs, -ss, -hs, th, kh, sh, -nh, -lh, -wh, -ʔn, sn, -hn, -ʔl, sl, hl, -nl, -ʔj, ʤj, sj, -hj, nj, -lj, -ʔw, sw, -hw.
Those clusters preceded by a hyphen only occur word-medially; the others occur both initially and medially.
The consonants k, kw, t, ts are pronounced voiced before any voiced sound (i.e. a vowel or /j/). They are voiceless at the end of a word or before a voiceless sound. /s/ is voiced word initially and between vowels.
Vowels
| i | ũ | |
| e | ʌ̃ | o |
| a |
Vowels may be unstressed, short high, long high, or long falling.
Grammar Points
Mohawk expresses a large number of pronominal distinctions: person (1st, 2nd, 3rd), number (singular, dual, plural), gender (masculine, feminine, neuter, indefinite) and inclusivity/exclusivity on the first person dual and plural. Pronominal information is encoded in prefixes on the verbs, rather than given as separate pronoun words; there are two main paradigms of pronominal prefixes: intransitive and transitive.
