Historical phonology of Slevan
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Vulgar Latin sound changes
Latin to Vulgar Latin (Pre-Romance) ? -150 C.E.
| Latin | Condition | Result | Example(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| m | word-finally | disappears | CAELUM > *kaelu > czál |
| y̆, ȳ | everywhere | ĭ, ī | CYGNU > *kignu > czenj |
| ae | word-finally | ǣ | ROSAE > *rosǣ > roze |
| elsewhere | ĕ [ɛ] | CAELU > *kelu > czál | |
| oe | ē | FOEDU > *fēdu > véd | |
| au | ō | CAUSA > *kōsa > kuza | |
| eu | jū | ||
| ui | ū | ||
| ĭ,ĕ | before another vowel | j | SPATIU > *spatju > spóc LĪNEA > līnja > linja |
| ŭ | before another vowel | w | VIDUA > *vidwa > vedva |
| h | disappears | HODIĒ > odjē > voj COLAPHU > *kolapu > klóp CATHEDRA > *katedra > kotjedra MĀCHINA > *mākina > máczna | |
| ns | s | ĪNSULA > *īsula > ízla | |
| nct, mpt | nt | SANCTU > *sàntu-ju > sútý PRŌMPTUM > *prōntu > prútý | |
| nj, cn, gn, mnj | ň [ɲ] | LĪNEA > *līňa > linja CYGNU > *kiňu > czenj SOMNIU > *soňu > sonj | |
| mn | nn | DAMNU > *dannu > dón | |
| mĭn | between vowels | mn | DOMINU > *domnu > dún |
| lj | ľ [ʎ] | FĪLĬU > *fīľu > vílj | |
| per- | word initially | par- | PERAMBULĀRE > *parambulāre > porúblár PERDERE > *pàrdere > pradír PERSŌNA > *parsōna > prasuna |
| b | between vowels | v [β] | LĂBŌRĀRE > *lavōrare > lóvrár |
| s | between vowels | z | ĪNSULA > *īzula > ízla CAUSA > *kōza > kuza |
| sp, st, sc [sk] | word initial | ĭsp, ĭst, ĭsk | SPŌNSA > *ispōza > spuza STUDIU > *istudju > stuj SCHOLA > *iskola > skola |
- It is possible that the Greek y sound was adopted as i by Vulgar Latin from the beginning.
- Note that h was lost everywhere, also in the Greek aspirates ph, th, ch. It is especially noteworthy that ph became p, not f in the kind of Vulgar Latin that led to Slevan.
Northeast Romance sound changes
Vulgar Latin to Early Northeast Romance 150 - 600 C.E.
| V.L. | Condition | Result | Example(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| ă, ā | open stressed, or unstressed final, syllable | a | MĀRE > *mare > már RŌMA > *rōma > Ruma |
| closed stressed, or an unstressed, syllable | o [ɔ] | CAPRA > *kopra > kopra PĀGĀNU > *poganŭ > pohán ĂRĀNEA > *oraňa > oranja | |
| ē, ĭ | stressed syllable | e | TĒLA > *tela > tela SĬTE > *setĭ > sétj |
| unstressed non-final syllable | ĭ [ɪ] | ||
| ē | unstressed final syllable | i | CANĒS > *kanis > kani TACĒS > *takis > taczi |
| ĕ | stressed open syllable | jě [jæ] | CAELŬ > *kjělŭ > czál |
| stressed closed syllable | ě [æ] | TĔRRA > *těrra > tjera | |
| unstressed syllable | ĭ | RĔGĔRĔ > *rjěgěrĭ > rezsár ĂPĔRĪRĔ > *opěrjirĭ > opjerír | |
| ǣ | unstressed final syllable | e | ROSAE > *rŭoze > roze |
| ī | stressed open syllable | ji | SĪGNŬ > *sjiňŭ > színj |
| elsewhere | i | CĪVĪLĔ > *kivjilĭ-jŭ > czivílí | |
| ō,ŭ | stressed syllable | ō [o] | DŌNŬ > *dōnŭ > dún PŬTĔŬ > *pōtjŭ > púc ŬTĔRŬ > *ōtĭrŭ > utjer |
| unstressed non-final syllable | ŭ | SŌLĔMNĔ > *sŭlěnnĭ-jŭ > sléní ĔPĪSTŬLA > *ěpistŭla > pístla | |
| ŏ | stressed open syllable | ŭo | BŎNŬ > *bŭonŭ-jŭ > bóný |
| stressed closed syllable | o | NŎCTĔ > *noktĭ > nóc | |
| unstressed syllable | ŭ | MŎNASTĒRĬŬ > *mŭnasterjŭ > mnostér | |
| f | v | FĪLĬŬ > *viľŭ > vílj ŎFFĬCĬŬ > *ovvekjŭ > ovécz | |
| k | before ĭ, i, ě | č | CĔNTŬ > *čěntŭ > czút DŬCĔ > *dōčĭ > dúcz |
| kj | ŎFFĬCĬŬ > *ovvečŭ > ovécz | ||
| g | before ĭ, i, ě at the beginning of a word or after a gonsonant | ž | GĔNTĔ > *žěntĭ > zsútj |
| g | between a vowel and ĭ, i | j | RĔGĬT > *rějĭt > reje MĂGĬS > *majĭs > maj LĒGE > *lejĭ > lej |
| gj, dj | between vowels | ĔXĂGĬŬM > *ěχajŭ > jachaj MĔDĬŬ > *mjějŭ > mljaj | |
| x | before ĭ, i, ě | š | |
| xj | NŎXĬŬ > *nŭošŭ > nósz | ||
| sk, kk | before ĭ, i, ě | šč | PĬSCĔ > *peščĭ > pészt ŎCCĪDĔRĔ > *oščiděrĭ > osztidír |
| skj, kkj | ASCĬŎLA > *oščŭla > ósztla BRĀCCHĬŬ > *broščŭ > brószt |
